{"product_id":"ss-31-50mg-vials","title":"SS-31 (50mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSS-31 – 50mg Vials\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 60%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$2.25 – $3.20\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.68%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: SS202602\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: SS-31 protect retinal pigment epithelial cells from H2O2-induced cell injury by reducing apoptosis\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eJie Bai, Yumei Yang, Dingting Wu, Fan Yang\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/1440-1681.13484\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis in vitro study investigated the protective effects of SS-31 against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells (ARPE-19 cell line). The results demonstrated that SS-31 pretreatment attenuated the loss of cell viability and reduced both oxidative damage and apoptosis in H2O2-treated RPE cells. Mechanistically, SS-31 was found to significantly upregulate the expression of the antioxidant enzymes Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1), and the transcription factor Nrf-2. Furthermore, SS-31 inhibited apoptosis by downregulating the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and upregulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. These findings suggest that SS-31 exerts its protective effects by enhancing the endogenous antioxidant defense system and inhibiting the apoptotic pathway in RPE cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis lab study looked at how the peptide SS-31 could protect eye cells from damage. The researchers used a chemical (hydrogen peroxide) to create stress in human retinal cells, similar to the kind of damage that can lead to retinal degeneration. They found that when the cells were treated with SS-31 beforehand, they were better able to survive and had less damage. SS-31 worked by boosting the cells’ own natural defense systems against damage and by preventing the cells from self-destructing. This suggests that SS-31 could be a potential treatment to protect the retina from diseases that involve this type of cell damage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: SS-31 inhibits the inflammatory response by increasing ATG5 and promoting autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated HepG2 cells\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eYunan Mo, Songyun Deng, Yuhang Ai, Wenchao Li\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006291X24004236\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis in vitro study investigated the effects of the peptide SS-31 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in HepG2 human liver cells. The researchers found that SS-31 treatment increased the levels of autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5), which in turn promoted autophagic flux in the cells. This enhanced autophagy was shown to be the mechanism by which SS-31 exerted its anti-inflammatory effects. Specifically, SS-31 was observed to increase the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, and the anti-inflammatory action was diminished when ATG5 was knocked down. The study concludes that SS-31 protects HepG2 cells from LPS-induced inflammation by upregulating ATG5-dependent autophagy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis research explored how the peptide SS-31 can protect liver cells from inflammation. In the lab, scientists used a substance called LPS to create an inflammatory response in human liver cells. They discovered that SS-31 helps the cells to clean out waste and damaged parts through a process called autophagy, which is like a cellular recycling system. SS-31 boosts this cleaning process by increasing a key protein called ATG5. By enhancing this natural cleaning mechanism, SS-31 was able to reduce the inflammation in the liver cells, suggesting it could be a promising agent for treating liver inflammation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: Mitochondrial protein interaction landscape of SS-31\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eJuan D. Chavez, Xiaoting Tang, Matthew D. Campbell, Gustavo Reyes, Philip A. Kramer, Rudy Stuppard, Andrew Keller, Huiliang Zhang, Peter S. Rabinovitch, David J. Marcinek, and James E. Bruce\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2002250117\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study utilized a chemical cross-linking with mass spectrometry approach to identify the mitochondrial protein interactors of the synthetic tetrapeptide SS-31 (elamipretide). The research provides direct evidence for specific interactions between SS-31 and a number of mitochondrial proteins, all of which are known to bind to cardiolipin. The identified protein interactors are functionally categorized into two main groups: those involved in ATP production via the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, and those participating in 2-oxoglutarate metabolic processes. The cross-linked residues revealed binding regions on these proteins that are often in close proximity to cardiolipin-protein interaction sites. These findings present a protein interaction landscape for SS-31, offering mechanistic insights into its therapeutic effects on mitochondrial function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eScientists investigated how the drug SS-31, which is known to improve the function of mitochondria (the energy factories of our cells), actually works. While it was known that SS-31 interacts with a fat molecule called cardiolipin in the mitochondria, the specific proteins it targets were a mystery. Using a sophisticated laboratory technique, the researchers were able to identify the specific proteins that SS-31 binds to. They discovered that SS-31 interacts with key proteins involved in energy production and other vital cellular processes. This research helps to explain the mechanism behind SS-31’s beneficial effects and provides a clearer picture of how it can be used to treat diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069714280660,"sku":null,"price":320.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/ss31_50_100_wf03-600x815-2.png?v=1780888772","url":"https:\/\/biotech-peptides-5.myshopify.com\/products\/ss-31-50mg-vials","provider":"Biotech Peptides","version":"1.0","type":"link"}