{"title":"All Research Peptides \u0026 Biotech Products","description":"\u003cp\u003eBrowse our complete range of research peptides, including BPC-157, TB-500, Semaglutide, and more. All products are third-party tested and come with certificates of analysis.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"aod-9604-10mg-vials","title":"AOD-9604 (10mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOD-9604 – 10mg Vials\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 60%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$5.20 – $6.70\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eMulti-vial Purity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.93%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eEndotoxin Screening\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePASSED\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eHeavy Metals Screening\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePASSED\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSterility Screening\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePASSED\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYES\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: AO202605\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Effects of Human GH and Its Lipolytic Fragment (AOD9604) on Lipid Metabolism Following Chronic Treatment in Obese Mice and β3-AR Knock-Out Mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Mark Heffernan, Roger J. Summers, Anne Thorburn, Esra Ogru, Robert Gianello, Woei-Jia Jiang, Frank M. Ng\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Endocrinology, Volume 142, Issue 12, December 2001, Pages 5182–5189\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDOI:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 10.1210\/endo.142.12.8522\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article\/142\/12\/5182\/2988749\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003eScientific Summary:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMouse and human cell lines were used to assess β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) mRNA expression, protein levels, and function following treatment with AOD9604 and human growth hormone (hGH). Both AOD9604 and hGH were found to increase β3-AR mRNA expression, as well as protein levels and functional activity, in mouse and human cell lines in vitro. The carboxyl-terminal fragment of hGH corresponding to amino acids 177–191 (AOD9604) was shown to act as a lipid mobilizing domain with inhibitory action on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) activity in hepatocytes and adipocytes. The in vitro data demonstrated that AOD9604 increases β3-AR expression in fat cells, contributing to enhanced lipolytic sensitivity. The study established that AOD9604 mediates its fat-reducing effects through β3-AR upregulation and ACC inhibition, independent of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) axis, which distinguishes its mechanism from full-length hGH.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlain English Interpretation:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study investigated how AOD9604, a small fragment of human growth hormone, affects fat cells at the molecular level. The researchers grew mouse and human cells in the laboratory and treated them with AOD9604 to see how it changed the cells’ ability to burn fat. They found that AOD9604 increased the number and activity of a specific receptor on fat cells called the beta-3 adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), which acts like an “on switch” for fat burning. AOD9604 also inhibited an enzyme called acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which is involved in making new fat. Together, these two effects—more fat-burning receptors and less fat production—explain why AOD9604 promotes fat loss. Importantly, AOD9604 achieved these effects without activating the growth-promoting pathways that full-length growth hormone uses, which is why it doesn’t cause the unwanted side effects of growth hormone therapy such as insulin resistance or abnormal growth.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSafety and Metabolism of AOD9604, a Novel Nutraceutical Ingredient for Improved Metabolic Health\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Margret I. Moré, David Kenley\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Volume 4, Number 3, June 2014, pages 64–77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDOI:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 10.14740\/jem213w\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/jofem.org\/index.php\/jofem\/article\/view\/213\/278\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003eScientific Summary:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTwo in vitro genotoxicity assays were conducted. First, a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) assessed AOD9604’s mutagenic potential using four histidine-dependent auxotrophic mutants of Salmonella typhimurium (TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100) and one tryptophan-dependent auxotrophic mutant of Escherichia coli (WP2 uvrA), using both plate incorporation and pre-incubation methods at doses of 0, 1.6, 8, 40, 200, 1,000, and 2,000 µg AOD9604\/plate. Second, an in vitro chromosome aberration assay was performed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells treated with AOD9604 (20, 50, 100, 200 µg\/mL) in the absence or presence of an S-9 metabolic activation system. Chromosomes were arrested in metaphase, stained with Giemsa R66, and examined microscopically. Cytotoxicity was determined by colony-forming capacity. No evidence of genotoxic activity was found in either assay. No statistically significant increases in chromosomal aberrations were observed in CHO cells at any tested concentration. AOD9604 was found to be generally safe with no mutagenic or clastogenic potential.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlain English Interpretation:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study was designed to test whether AOD9604 could damage DNA or cause genetic mutations—important safety questions for any compound being considered for human use. The researchers used two standard laboratory tests. In the first test (the Ames test), they exposed bacteria to AOD9604 to see if it caused mutations; bacteria that can survive in the absence of certain nutrients are used as a readout for mutagenicity. In the second test, they grew hamster cells in the laboratory and treated them with AOD9604, then examined the chromosomes under a microscope to see if any were broken or rearranged. Both tests came back negative: AOD9604 did not cause mutations in bacteria and did not damage chromosomes in mammalian cells. These results are reassuring from a safety standpoint and support the use of AOD9604 as a nutraceutical ingredient. The study also confirmed that AOD9604 works by inhibiting fat synthesis in liver and fat cells, providing additional mechanistic insight into how the peptide promotes metabolic health.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDetection and In Vitro Metabolism of AOD9604\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Holly D. Cox, Stacy J. Smeal, Cole M. Hughes, James E. Cox, Daniel Eichner\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Drug Testing and Analysis, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2015, pages 31–38\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDOI:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e 10.1002\/dta.1715\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.1715\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003eScientific Summary:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAOD9604 was incubated in human serum and rat plasma at room temperature to study in vitro metabolic degradation. Metabolites were identified and quantified using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The study characterized the degradation kinetics of AOD9604 in biological matrices and identified the specific cleavage products generated by endogenous proteases. The metabolic profiling revealed that AOD9604 undergoes rapid proteolytic degradation in serum, generating a series of predictable fragment peptides. The study also developed and validated analytical methods for detecting AOD9604 and its metabolites in biological samples, providing a framework for anti-doping testing. The in vitro metabolic data established the half-life of AOD9604 in human serum and identified the primary metabolic pathways responsible for its clearance.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlain English Interpretation:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study investigated how quickly AOD9604 breaks down in blood and what products it forms when it does. The researchers mixed AOD9604 with human blood serum and rat plasma in test tubes to simulate what happens after the peptide enters the body. Using a sensitive analytical technique called mass spectrometry, they tracked the peptide as it was broken down by enzymes naturally present in the blood, and identified all the fragments that were produced. This type of study is important for several reasons: it tells us how long the peptide remains active in the body, what breakdown products are formed (which could themselves have biological activity or be used as markers in drug testing), and helps explain why AOD9604 needs to be administered in certain ways to remain effective. The study also developed reliable methods for detecting AOD9604 in biological samples, which has applications in sports anti-doping testing since growth hormone fragments have been misused by athletes seeking performance enhancement.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003cstrong\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/strong\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069275156692,"sku":"726t623t","price":193.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/aod9604_10_20_wf03-600x815-1.png?v=1780882459"},{"product_id":"bpc-157-10mg-vials","title":"BPC-157 (10mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBPC-157 (10mg vials)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$3.60 – $4.80\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.60%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: VI32\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: BC202604\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Enhances the Growth Hormone Receptor Expression in Tendon Fibroblasts\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Authors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eChung-Hsun Chang, Wen-Chung Tsai, Ya-Hui Hsu, and Jong-Hwei Su Pang\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/19\/11\/19066\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis in vitro study investigated the effects of BPC 157 on rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts. The researchers found that BPC 157 significantly upregulated the expression of the growth hormone (GH) receptor at both the mRNA and protein levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This upregulation of the GH receptor potentiated the proliferative effects of growth hormone, as evidenced by increased cell proliferation (MTT assay) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that the addition of growth hormone to BPC 157-treated fibroblasts activated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), a key downstream signaling molecule in the GH receptor pathway. These findings suggest that BPC 157 promotes tendon healing by enhancing the sensitivity of tendon fibroblasts to growth hormone, thereby amplifying its anabolic effects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e Scientists studied how the peptide BPC-157 affects tendon cells in a lab. They discovered that BPC-157 makes tendon cells more responsive to growth hormone, a natural substance in our bodies that helps with growth and repair. By increasing the number of 'docking sites' for growth hormone on the surface of these cells, BPC-157 helps them multiply faster when growth hormone is present. This suggests that BPC-157 could help tendons heal more effectively by boosting the natural healing process driven by growth hormone.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Authors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMing-Jer Hsieh, Hsien-Ta Liu, Chao-Nin Wang, Hsiu-Yun Huang, Yuling Lin, Yu-Shien Ko, Jong-Shyan Wang, Vincent Hung-Shu Chang, Jong-Hwei S Pang\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27847966\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study elucidated the pro-angiogenic mechanism of BPC 157 in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, BPC 157 was shown to increase endothelial tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). This effect was associated with the upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. BPC 157 also promoted the internalization of VEGFR2, a critical step for receptor activation. The study further demonstrated that BPC 157 time-dependently activated the downstream VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS signaling pathway. Inhibition of endocytosis with dynasore blocked both VEGFR2 internalization and the pro-angiogenic effects of BPC 157, confirming the essential role of this process. These findings indicate that BPC 157 exerts its pro-angiogenic effects by increasing VEGFR2 expression and promoting its internalization and subsequent activation of the VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS signaling cascade.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eIn this study, scientists investigated how BPC-157 promotes the formation of new blood vessels. They found that in a lab setting, BPC-157 encourages the cells that line blood vessels to form tube-like structures, a key step in creating new vessels. The researchers discovered that BPC-157 achieves this by increasing the number of a specific type of ' receiver' (called VEGFR2) on the surface of these cells. It also helps these receivers move inside the cell, which turns on a signaling pathway that tells the cell to start building new blood vessels. This study reveals a key mechanism by which BPC-157 may help with healing and tissue repair by improving blood supply.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on vasomotor tone and the activation of Src-Caveolin-1-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Authors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMing-Jer Hsieh, Cheng-Hung Lee, Ho-Yen Chueh, Gwo-Jyh Chang, Hsiu-Yun Huang, Yuling Lin \u0026amp; Jong-Hwei S. Pang\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-74022-y\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study investigated the molecular mechanisms by which BPC 157 modulates vasomotor tone. Using isolated rat aorta, the researchers demonstrated that BPC 157 induced a concentration-dependent vasodilation that was endothelium-dependent and mediated by nitric oxide (NO). In vitro experiments with vascular endothelial cells showed that BPC 157 stimulated NO production, which in turn promoted cell migration. The study further elucidated the signaling pathway involved, showing that BPC 157 enhanced the phosphoryation of Src, Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Inhibition of Src abolished these effects, confirming its upstream role. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that BPC 157 reduced the inhibitory binding between Cav-1 and eNOS, thereby activating eNOS. These findings indicate that BPC 157 modulates vasomotor tone by inducing NO generation through the activation of the Src-Cav-1-eNOS signaling cascade.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eIn this research, scientists explored how BPC-157 affects the widening of blood vessels. They found that BPC-157 causes blood vessels to relax and widen, and that this effect depends on the inner lining of the blood vessel and a molecule called nitric oxide. In lab experiments, BPC-157 was shown to trigger the production of nitric oxide in the cells lining the blood vessels, which then encourages these cells to move. The study also identified a specific chain of events, or signaling pathway, that BPC-157 activates to produce nitric oxide. By activating this pathway, BPC-157 essentially 'flips a switch' that leads to the widening of blood vessels. This could be important for its healing properties, as wider blood vessels can deliver more blood, oxygen, and nutrients to injured tissues.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e⚠️ Research Use Only:\u003c\/strong\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069283152084,"sku":null,"price":75.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/bpc20_2_10_wf03_720x-600x815-2.webp?v=1780885205"},{"product_id":"cagrilintide-10mg-vials","title":"Cagrilintide (10mg vials)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eCagrilintide (10mg vials)\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pp-flex\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSave over 70%!\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$5.25 – $6.70\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMulti-vial Purity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.905%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eEndotoxin Screening\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePASSED\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHeavy Metals Screening\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePASSED\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSterility Screening\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePASSED\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYES\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer ID\u003c\/strong\u003e: VI32\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: CAG202603\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStructural and dynamic features of cagrilintide binding to calcitonin and amylin receptors\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Jianjun Cao, Matthew J. Belousoff, Rachel M. Johnson, Peter Keov, Zamara Mariam, Giuseppe Deganutti, George Christopoulos, Caroline A. Hick, Steffen Reedtz-Runge, Tine Glendorf, Borja Ballarín-González, Kirsten Raun, Charles Bayly-Jones, Denise Wootten \u0026amp; Patrick M. Sexton\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-58680-y\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScientific Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study utilized cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to elucidate the structural basis of cagrilintide’s interaction with amylin receptors (AMY1R, AMY2R, AMY3R) and the calcitonin receptor (CTR). The high-resolution structures revealed that cagrilintide adopts an amylin-like binding mode, characterized by a ‘bypass’ motif. However, specific amino acid substitutions and the N-terminal lipidation in cagrilintide induce distinct conformational dynamics in the receptor complexes compared to native amylin or other analogues. These unique structural features, particularly the way it engages with the receptors, are proposed to contribute to its potent and long-acting clinical efficacy as a dual agonist for weight management.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlain English Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScientists used powerful microscopes to take detailed pictures of how the drug cagrilintide works at a molecular level. They found that it attaches to special sensors on cells, called receptors, in a way that is similar to a natural hormone called amylin, which helps control appetite. However, cagrilintide has some unique features that make it interact with these receptors in a special way, causing a stronger and longer-lasting effect. This helps explain why cagrilintide is so effective at helping people lose weight.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDevelopment of Cagrilintide, a Long-Acting Amylin Analogue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Thomas Kruse, Jakob Lerche Hansen, Kirsten Dahl, Lauge Schäffer, Ulrich Sensfuss, Christian Poulsen, Morten Schlein, Ann Maria Kruse Hansen, Claus Bekker Jeppesen, Charlotta Dornonville de la Cour, Trine Ryberg Clausen, Eva Johansson, Simone Fulle, Rikke Bjerring Skyggebjerg, Kirsten Raun\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c00565\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScientific Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis paper details the medicinal chemistry efforts that led to the design and synthesis of cagrilintide, a long-acting amylin analogue for the treatment of obesity. Through a series of structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, the authors optimized the peptide sequence and introduced a C20 fatty diacid via a γ-glutamic acid linker to the N-terminus. In vitro functional assays, including luciferase and cAMP assays, were performed on cell lines expressing human and rat amylin and calcitonin receptors. These experiments confirmed that cagrilintide is a potent dual agonist, activating both receptor types, which is crucial for its therapeutic effect on reducing food intake and body weight, as demonstrated in preclinical rat models.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlain English Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis research paper describes how scientists designed and created the drug cagrilintide. They started with a natural hormone called amylin and made specific changes to its structure to make it more effective and last longer in the body. One key change was adding a fatty acid molecule, which helps the drug to be released slowly. They then tested the new drug in the lab on cells that have the same sensors as our own body. The results showed that cagrilintide is very good at activating these sensors, which in turn helps to control appetite and reduce body weight.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDoes receptor balance matter? – Comparing the efficacies of the dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists cagrilintide and KBP-336 on metabolic parameters in preclinical models\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e A.T. Larsen, K.E. Mohamed, N. Sonne, E. Bredtoft, F. Andersen, M.A. Karsdal, K. Henriksen\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0753332222012318\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScientific Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study conducted a head-to-head comparison of two dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists (DACRAs), cagrilintide and KBP-336, to investigate the importance of their receptor activation balance. Using in vitro cell-based assays, the researchers found that while both peptides activated the amylin and calcitonin receptors, KBP-336 was more potent and showed a bias towards the calcitonin receptor compared to cagrilintide. Cagrilintide’s potency on both receptors was found to be similar to their natural ligands, confirming its role as a balanced dual agonist. These in vitro findings highlight that even within the same class of drugs, subtle differences in how they interact with their target receptors can exist, which may translate to different overall effects in the body.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlain English Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIn this study, scientists compared two similar drugs, cagrilintide and KBP-336, to see if there were any important differences in how they work. Both drugs are designed to activate two different sensors in the body that help control metabolism. In lab experiments, they found that both drugs did their job, but KBP-336 was more powerful and leaned more towards activating one of the sensors over the other. Cagrilintide, on the other hand, was more balanced in how it activated both sensors. This research shows that even very similar drugs can have slight differences in their actions, which could be important for how they affect the body.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003cstrong\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/strong\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069284790484,"sku":null,"price":237.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/cagri_10_50_vi32-600x815-2.png?v=1780885349"},{"product_id":"cjc-1295-no-dac-10mg-vials","title":"CJC-1295 no DAC (10mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCJC-1295 no DAC Kit\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 60%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$4.44 – $5.85\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.43%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: CJ20250724\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"w-full mt-[1em] mb-[1px]\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"w-full my-[1px]\" 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%20Interpretation%22%7D%5D%7D%2C%7B%22type%22%3A%22p%22%2C%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22Scientists%20have%20developed%20a%20new%20laboratory%20method%20to%20detect%20the%20use%20of%20performance-enhancing%20drugs%20like%20CJC-1295.%20They%20studied%20how%20the%20drug%20breaks%20down%20in%20urine%20and%20identified%2019%20different%20breakdown%20products.%20Based%20on%20this%2C%20they%20created%20a%20highly%20sensitive%20test%20that%20can%20find%20even%20very%20small%20traces%20of%20the%20drug%20or%20its%20byproducts.%20This%20makes%20it%20much%20harder%20for%20athletes%20to%20cheat%20by%20using%20these%20banned%20substances%20without%20getting%20caught.%22%7D%5D%7D%2C%7B%22type%22%3A%22heading%22%2C%22level%22%3A3%2C%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22Study%203%3A%20Human%20Growth%20Hormone-Releasing%20Factor%20(hGRF)1%E2%80%9329-Albumin%20Bioconjugates%20Activate%20the%20GRF%20Receptor%20on%20the%20Anterior%20Pituitary%20in%20Rats%3A%20Identification%20of%20CJC-1295%20as%20a%20Long-Lasting%20GRF%20Analog%22%7D%5D%7D%2C%7B%22type%22%3A%22p%22%2C%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22Authors%3A%22%2C%22bold%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%7B%22text%22%3A%22%20Lucie%20Jett%C3%A9%2C%20Roger%20L%C3%A9ger%2C%20Karen%20Thibaudeau%2C%20Corinne%20Benquet%2C%20Martin%20Robitaille%2C%20Isabelle%20Pellerin%2C%20V%C3%A9ronique%20Paradis%2C%20Pieter%20van%20Wyk%2C%20Khan%20Pham%2C%20Dominique%20P.%20Bridon%22%7D%5D%7D%2C%7B%22type%22%3A%22p%22%2C%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22Source%3A%22%2C%22bold%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%7B%22text%22%3A%22%20%22%7D%2C%7B%22type%22%3A%22link%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fendo%2Farticle%2F146%2F7%2F3052%2F2500187%22%2C%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fendo%2Farticle%2F146%2F7%2F3052%2F2500187%22%7D%5D%7D%5D%7D%2C%7B%22type%22%3A%22heading%22%2C%22level%22%3A4%2C%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22Scientific%20Findings%22%7D%5D%7D%2C%7B%22type%22%3A%22p%22%2C%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22This%20study%20investigated%20the%20in%20vitro%20properties%20of%20three%20maleimido%20derivatives%20of%20human%20growth%20hormone-releasing%20factor%20(hGRF)1-29%2C%20including%20CJC-1295.%20The%20researchers%20found%20that%20when%20conjugated%20to%20human%20serum%20albumin%2C%20all%20three%20derivatives%2C%20including%20CJC-1295%2C%20exhibited%20enhanced%20stability%20against%20the%20enzyme%20dipeptidylpeptidase-IV%20(DPP-IV).%20Furthermore%2C%20in%20a%20growth%20hormone%20(GH)%20secretion%20assay%20using%20cultured%20rat%20anterior%20pituitary%20cells%2C%20the%20albumin-conjugated%20peptides%20were%20found%20to%20be%20bioactive%2C%20demonstrating%20their%20ability%20to%20stimulate%20GH%20release%20in%20a%20controlled%2C%20in%20vitro%20environment.%22%7D%5D%7D%2C%7B%22type%22%3A%22heading%22%2C%22level%22%3A4%2C%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22Plain%20English%20Interpretation%22%7D%5D%7D%2C%7B%22type%22%3A%22p%22%2C%22children%22%3A%5B%7B%22text%22%3A%22Scientists%20created%20a%20modified%20version%20of%20a%20substance%20that%20tells%20the%20body%20to%20release%20growth%20hormone%2C%20called%20CJC-1295.%20They%20tested%20this%20new%20version%20in%20the%20lab%20and%20found%20that%20it%20was%20more%20stable%20and%20resistant%20to%20being%20broken%20down%20by%20enzymes%20in%20the%20body.%20They%20also%20showed%20that%20it%20could%20still%20trigger%20the%20release%20of%20growth%20hormone%20from%20pituitary%20cells%20in%20a%20petri%20dish.%20This%20means%20that%20the%20modified%20substance%20is%20not%20only%20more%20durable%20but%20also%20remains%20effective%20at%20its%20job%2C%20which%20could%20lead%20to%20longer-lasting%20effects%20in%20the%20body.%22%7D%5D%7D%5D\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"py-[3px]\" data-slate-node=\"element\"\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eStudy 1: An antibody-free, ultrafiltration-based assay for the detection of growth hormone-releasing hormones in urine at low pg\/mL concentrations using nanoLC-HRMS\/MS\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e: Gilles Coppieters, Koen Deventer, Michaël Polet, Peter Van Eenoo, Péter Judák\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0731708522001479\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study presents a validated, antibody-free method for detecting GHRH analogues, including CJC-1295, in urine. The method utilizes ultrafiltration for sample preconcentration followed by nano-liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (nanoLC-HRMS\/MS). This approach achieves low picogram-per-milliliter detection limits, offering a significant improvement over existing methods and enhancing the ability to detect misuse of these substances. The study highlights the method’s potential for extension to other peptides and in vitro generated metabolites for which antibodies are not available.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScientists have developed a new, highly sensitive test to find specific performance-enhancing drugs, like CJC-1295, in urine. Instead of using traditional antibody-based methods, which can be complex and time-consuming, this new technique uses a simple filtration process to concentrate the urine sample. Then, a very precise machine separates and identifies the drug molecules. This makes it possible to detect even tiny amounts of these substances, making it harder for athletes to cheat. The new test is also adaptable, meaning it can be used to find new or modified drugs that may appear in the future.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eStudy 2: Advances in the detection of growth hormone releasing hormone synthetic analogs\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e: Siham Memdouh, Ivana Gavrilović, Kelsey Ng, David Cowan, Vincenzo Abbate\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e: https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.3183\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the in vitro metabolism of four large GHRH synthetic analogs, including CJC-1295, in fortified human urine. The researchers identified nineteen major in vitro metabolites, which were then synthesized, purified, and characterized. A sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) method was developed for their detection, achieving limits of detection of 1 ng\/mL or less. This method provides a new tool for anti-doping agencies to detect the misuse of these substances.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScientists have developed a new laboratory method to detect the use of performance-enhancing drugs like CJC-1295. They studied how the drug breaks down in urine and identified 19 different breakdown products. Based on this, they created a highly sensitive test that can find even very small traces of the drug or its byproducts. This makes it much harder for athletes to cheat by using these banned substances without getting caught.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eStudy 3: Human Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor (hGRF)1–29-Albumin Bioconjugates Activate the GRF Receptor on the Anterior Pituitary in Rats: Identification of CJC-1295 as a Long-Lasting GRF Analog\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e: Lucie Jetté, Roger Léger, Karen Thibaudeau, Corinne Benquet, Martin Robitaille, Isabelle Pellerin, Véronique Paradis, Pieter van Wyk, Khan Pham, Dominique P. Bridon\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e: https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article\/146\/7\/3052\/2500187\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the in vitro properties of three maleimido derivatives of human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29, including CJC-1295. The researchers found that when conjugated to human serum albumin, all three derivatives, including CJC-1295, exhibited enhanced stability against the enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (DPP-IV). Furthermore, in a growth hormone (GH) secretion assay using cultured rat anterior pituitary cells, the albumin-conjugated peptides were found to be bioactive, demonstrating their ability to stimulate GH release in a controlled, in vitro environment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScientists created a modified version of a substance that tells the body to release growth hormone, called CJC-1295. They tested this new version in the lab and found that it was more stable and resistant to being broken down by enzymes in the body. They also showed that it could still trigger the release of growth hormone from pituitary cells in a petri dish. This means that the modified substance is not only more durable but also remains effective at its job, which could lead to longer-lasting effects in the body.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069286068436,"sku":null,"price":193.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/cjc20_2_10_wf03_720x-600x815-2.webp?v=1780885556"},{"product_id":"combo-vial-bpc-157-tb-500-20mg-vials","title":"Combo Vial: BPC-157\/TB-500 (20mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCombo Vial: BPC-157\/TB-500 Kit\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 55%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\" style=\"width: 99.9153%;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 64.9485%;\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 34.5361%;\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 64.9485%;\"\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 34.5361%;\"\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$4.40 – 6.38\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 64.9485%;\"\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 34.5361%;\"\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.63%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 64.9485%;\"\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 34.5361%;\"\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 64.9485%;\"\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 34.5361%;\"\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069286756564,"sku":null,"price":255.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/bpctb40_2_20_sh07_720x-600x815-2.webp?v=1780885690"},{"product_id":"combo-vial-cjc-1295-no-dac-ipamorelin-20mg-vials","title":"Combo Vial: CJC-1295 no DAC\/Ipamorelin (20mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCombo Vial: CJC-1295 No DAC\/Ipamorelin\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 55%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$4.30 – 5.50\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.92%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: CJIP202602\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069293310164,"sku":null,"price":120.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/cjcipa40_2_20_wf03_720x-600x815-2.webp?v=1780885807"},{"product_id":"dsip-5mg-vials","title":"DSIP (5mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDSIP\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDelta-sleep-inducing peptide\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 40%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$6.10 – $7.50\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.88%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: SH07\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e:  DS20250820\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for research purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: Induction of pituitary cell type differentiation by delta sleep-inducing peptide\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eA G Héritier, O Stettler, P M Dubois\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8022523\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThe effects of delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) on pituitary cell differentiation was studied using an in vitro method and immunocytochemical techniques. Pituitary primordia were explanted from 11-day-old rat fetuses and cultured in a synthetic medium enriched with either DSIP at several concentrations, GnRH (10(-9) M) or TRH (10(-9) M). Expression of different pituitary phenotypes was quantified as the percentage of immunoreactive area per section of cultured primordia. Addition of DSIP during the first day of culture induced differentiation of LH and TSH cells only. The effect was dose-dependent. DSIP was less potent than GnRH and as potent as TRH in inducing LH and TSH differentiation. DSIP also induced lactotrope differentiation, but this effect may not be direct. DSIP had no effect on somatotrope and corticotrope differentiation. These results obtained in vitro suggest that DSIP exerts a direct action on the differentiation of several pituitary precursor cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eIn a laboratory setting, researchers investigated how a substance called delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) affects the development of different cell types in the pituitary gland. They took pituitary glands from rat embryos and grew them in a nutrient-rich liquid, adding DSIP at various concentrations. They found that DSIP specifically triggered the development of cells that produce luteinizing hormone (LH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The more DSIP they added, the greater the effect. While DSIP also seemed to encourage the growth of prolactin-producing cells, this might not be a direct result of DSIP’s action. The study concluded that DSIP directly influences the development of certain types of pituitary cells, suggesting it plays a role in the gland’s formation and function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: In-vitro characterization of blood-brain barrier permeability to delta sleep-inducing peptide\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eS Raeissi, K L Audus\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2576448\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThe diffusion of delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been investigated with an in-vitro model comprised of primary cultures of brain microvessel endothelial cell (BMEC) monolayers. The BMEC monolayers were mounted in a side-by-side diffusion apparatus and the transendothelial flux of DSIP analysed by HPLC with UV detection at 280 nm. The transendothelial flux of the peptide was linear with time and increasing concentrations of DSIP (non-saturable), but was not altered by reduced temperature. The apparent permeability coefficient for DSIP penetration of BMEC monolayers was in a range similar to water-soluble substances (e.g. fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate dextrans) that penetrate the blood-brain barrier to a limited degree based on molecular weight. DSIP flux across the BMEC monolayers was also found to be bidirectional, insensitive to metabolic inhibitors, and not altered by high concentrations of tryptophan. Little degradation (apparent t1\/2 about 10 h) of DSIP to major metabolites, tryptophan (trp) and des-trp DSIP, occurred over the time of the diffusion experiments. The results of these studies support and confirm observations in-vivo indicating that intact DSIP crosses the BBB by simple transmembrane diffusion.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eScientists created a model of the blood-brain barrier in a lab dish using cells from cow brains to study how a peptide called DSIP crosses it. They found that DSIP can pass through this barrier in both directions, and the amount that gets through increases with higher concentrations of the peptide. The speed at which DSIP crosses is similar to other water-soluble molecules and isn’t affected by temperature or other metabolic processes. The study also showed that DSIP remains largely intact as it crosses the barrier, with very little breaking down into other substances. These findings suggest that DSIP can cross the blood-brain barrier through a simple diffusion process, which helps explain how it can have effects on the brain.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: Human pheochromocytoma cells studied in culture contain large amounts of DSIP-like material\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eOla Nilsson, Bo Wängberg, Anneli Wigander, Kerstin Lundmark, Annica Dahlström, Håkan Ahlman, Anders Bjartell, Rolf Ekman\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/019697819190063U\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eDelta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP)-like immunoreactive (LI) material has been detected in nine different human pheochromocytoma tumors by immunocytochemistry. In primary tumors subjected to indirect immunofluorescence a variable number of tumor cells (25–75%) showed positive cytoplasmic labeling after incubation with DSIP antiserum. Tumor cells grown in culture were strongly labeled by the DSIP antiserum with DSIP-LI concentrated to cell bodies. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry (immunogold labeling) of pheochromocytoma cells demonstrated DSIP-LI over the dense core of secretory granules. The presence of DSIP-LI in several HPLC fractions from conditioned culture media indicates secretion of DSIP-LI from cultured pheochromocytoma cells. The observations suggest that DSIP-LI is synthesized and stored in secretory granules before release. The different HPLC profiles from each of the tumors may reflect differences in processing or turnover of DSIP-LI in pheochromocytoma cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eResearchers found a substance similar to delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) in nine different tumors from human adrenal glands. Using special staining techniques, they saw that this DSIP-like material was present in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. When they grew these tumor cells in a lab dish, the cells were filled with this substance. With a powerful microscope, they could see that the DSIP-like material was stored in tiny sacs inside the cells called secretory granules. They also found that the cells released this substance into the liquid they were growing in. This suggests that the tumor cells make and store this DSIP-like substance before releasing it. The researchers also noticed that the exact form of the substance varied between different tumors, which might mean that it’s processed differently in each case.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069301567700,"sku":null,"price":75.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/dsip10_2_5_sh07_720x-600x815-2.webp?v=1780885964"},{"product_id":"ghk-cu-100mg-vials","title":"GHK-Cu (100mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGHK-Cu Kit\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndependently Certified USP\u0026lt;85\u0026gt; Endotoxin Safe\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 80%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$0.45 – $0.75\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.93%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: CU202604\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eLoren Pickart, Anna Margolina\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/7\/1987\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis review summarizes the multifaceted biological effects of GHK-Cu, focusing on its regenerative and protective actions. It details the peptide’s role in stimulating blood vessel and nerve outgrowth, increasing the synthesis of collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans, and supporting dermal fibroblast function. The paper highlights GHK-Cu’s ability to modulate gene expression, affecting a large number of genes related to tissue repair, anti-cancer activity, anti-inflammatory actions, and DNA repair. The authors propose that GHK-Cu’s diverse effects are attributable to its ability to reset the human genome to a healthier state.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThe GHK-Cu peptide is a small, naturally occurring molecule in our bodies that has a wide range of positive health effects. This paper reviews how GHK-Cu helps to repair and protect our tissues, particularly the skin. It works by stimulating the growth of blood vessels and nerves, boosting the production of important structural proteins like collagen and elastin, and supporting the cells that build our skin’s framework. The paper also explains that GHK-Cu can influence thousands of our genes, turning on genes that are good for us and turning off those that are bad. This helps to fight inflammation, protect against cancer, and even repair our DNA, making GHK-Cu a powerful ingredient for skin and hair care products.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: Synergy of GHK-Cu and hyaluronic acid on collagen IV upregulation via fibroblast and ex-vivo skin tests\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFangru Jiang, Yanan Wu, Zhe Liu, Minhua Hong, Yi Huang\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jocd.15763\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study investigated the synergistic effects of GHK-Cu and hyaluronic acid (HA) on collagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts and ex-vivo skin models. The researchers found that the combination of GHK-Cu and HA, particularly low molecular weight HA (LMW HA), significantly upregulated the expression of collagen I, IV, and VII. The most potent synergistic effect was observed on collagen IV, with a 25.4-fold increase in cell tests and a 2.03-fold increase in ex-vivo skin tests at a 1:9 ratio of GHK-Cu to LMW HA. The findings suggest that combining GHK-Cu and HA can enhance dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) health by stimulating collagen IV synthesis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study looked at what happens when you combine two popular skincare ingredients: GHK-Cu and hyaluronic acid (HA). The researchers found that when used together, these two ingredients work as a team to boost the production of collagen, a protein that keeps our skin firm and youthful. They discovered that the combination was especially good at increasing the amount of a specific type of collagen called collagen IV, which is crucial for the connection between the top two layers of our skin. This means that using GHK-Cu and HA together in skincare products could be a great way to improve skin health and fight the signs of aging.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: GHK-Cu may Prevent Oxidative Stress in Skin by Regulating Copper and Modifying Expression of Numerous Antioxidant Genes\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eLoren Pickart, Jessica Michelle Vasquez-Soltero, Anna Margolina\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9284\/2\/3\/236\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis paper explores the antioxidant properties of GHK-Cu and its role in preventing oxidative stress in the skin. The study highlights GHK-Cu’s ability to inhibit the formation of reactive carbonyl species (RCS), detoxify toxic products of lipid peroxidation, and protect keratinocytes from UVB radiation. Furthermore, the paper delves into the genetic basis of these effects, revealing that GHK-Cu modulates the expression of numerous antioxidant genes. The authors conclude that GHK-Cu’s antioxidant actions are multifaceted, involving both direct detoxification of harmful molecules and indirect regulation of the skin’s own antioxidant defense systems.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis paper explains how GHK-Cu acts as an antioxidant to protect our skin from damage. It works in two main ways. First, it directly neutralizes harmful molecules that are created when our skin is exposed to things like sunlight. Second, it helps our skin to protect itself by influencing our genes. The paper shows that GHK-Cu can turn on genes that produce our body’s own natural antioxidants. This two-pronged approach makes GHK-Cu a powerful ingredient for protecting our skin from the damaging effects of the environment and aging.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069309563092,"sku":null,"price":105.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/ghkcu200_2_100_sh07_720x-600x815-2.webp?v=1780886049"},{"product_id":"glow-blend-bpc-157-tb-500-ghk-cu-70mg-vials","title":"GLOW Blend: BPC-157\/TB-500\/GHK-Cu (70mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGLOW Blend:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBPC-157  10mg\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTB-500    10mg\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGHK-Cu    50mg\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 65%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$1.30 – 1.60\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.88%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: GW202603\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069322375380,"sku":null,"price":229.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/glow140_2_70_df05-600x815-2.png?v=1780886151"},{"product_id":"glp-1-semaglutide-10mg-vials","title":"GLP-1 Semaglutide (10mg vials)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eGLP-1 Semaglutide\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pp-flex\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSave over 70%!\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$5.25 – $6.70\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePurity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.60%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer ID\u003c\/strong\u003e: VI32\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: SM202601\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: Semaglutide promotes the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells through activation of the Wnt\/LRP5\/β-catenin signaling pathway\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eYawei Tian, Huiming Liu, Xiaoxue Bao, Yukun Li\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/pharmacology\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1539411\/full\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis in vitro study investigated the effects of semaglutide on bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The results demonstrated that semaglutide promotes BMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. This was evidenced by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, enhanced mineralization, and upregulation of osteogenic markers such as osteocalcin (OCN) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). RNA sequencing analysis revealed the activation of the Wnt\/LRP5\/β-catenin signaling pathway. The study confirmed that semaglutide’s pro-osteogenic effects are mediated through this pathway by using a Wnt inhibitor (DKK1) and activator (LiCl).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis laboratory study explored how the drug semaglutide affects stem cells taken from bone marrow. The researchers found that semaglutide encourages these stem cells to multiply and transform into bone-forming cells. This was observed through various experiments that showed an increase in the activity of enzymes and proteins essential for bone formation. The study identified a specific communication pathway within the cells, known as the Wnt pathway, which is activated by semaglutide to produce these bone-strengthening effects. This suggests that semaglutide could have potential benefits for bone health by promoting the generation of new bone tissue.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: The effect of Semaglutide on mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity in a myotube model of insulin resistance\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEmmalie R. Spry, Kipton B. Travis, Kayla J. Ragland, Alexa J. Klein, John M. Zimmerman, Roger A. Vaughan\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0303720725001807\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study investigated the effects of semaglutide on C2C12 myotubes in an in vitro model of insulin resistance. The researchers found that while semaglutide did not alter insulin sensitivity, as measured by pAkt:Akt ratio, it did significantly increase the expression of genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and function, including PGC-1α, and TFAM. Furthermore, semaglutide treatment led to an increase in mitochondrial content and density, as well as an increase in maximal mitochondrial respiration. These findings suggest that semaglutide may improve metabolic health by enhancing mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle, independent of its effects on insulin signaling.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eIn this lab experiment, scientists looked at how the drug semaglutide affects muscle cells that have been made resistant to insulin, similar to what happens in type 2 diabetes. They discovered that while semaglutide didn’t make the cells more responsive to insulin, it did boost the number and activity of mitochondria, which are the ‘powerhouses’ of the cells. This means that semaglutide might help improve metabolism by making muscle cells better at producing energy, even if it doesn’t directly fix the insulin resistance problem.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: Semaglutide-mediated protection against Aβ correlated with enhancement of autophagy and inhibition of apotosis\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eYan-fang Chang, Di Zhang, Wei-min Hu, Dong-xing Liu, Lin Li\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0967586820315332\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis in vitro study investigated the neuroprotective effects of semaglutide in a SH-SY5Y cell line model of Alzheimer’s disease, induced by amyloid-β 25-35 (Aβ25-35). The results showed that semaglutide treatment restored cell viability that was inhibited by Aβ25-35. Mechanistically, semaglutide was found to enhance autophagy, as indicated by increased expression of autophagy-related proteins such as LC3-II, Atg7, and Beclin-1, and decreased expression of p62. Furthermore, semaglutide inhibited apoptosis by increasing the Bcl-2\/Bax ratio. These findings suggest that semaglutide protects against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity by promoting autophagy and suppressing apoptosis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eIn this laboratory study, scientists used a cell model to mimic the effects of Alzheimer’s disease on brain cells. They found that the drug semaglutide could protect these cells from damage. Semaglutide appeared to work in two main ways: first, it boosted the cells’ natural ‘recycling’ process, called autophagy, which helps clear out harmful substances. Second, it prevented the cells from self-destructing, a process known as apoptosis. This research suggests that semaglutide could have a protective effect on brain cells, which might be relevant for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069368676564,"sku":null,"price":116.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/sema_10_50_ej12-600x815-2-1.png?v=1780886386"},{"product_id":"glp-2-tirzepatide-40mg-vials","title":"GLP-2 Tirzepatide (40mg vials)","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51a4f085 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"51a4f085\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e27753 elementor-widget-tablet__width-initial wd-single-title text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_single_product_title\" data-id=\"47e27753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_single_product_title.default\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-container\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eGLP-2 Tirzepatide\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pp-flex\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSave over 80%!\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$2.58 – $3.71\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePurity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.89%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer ID\u003c\/strong\u003e: VI32\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBatch ID\u003c\/strong\u003e: TZ202603\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWillard FS, Douros JD, Showalter AD, Wainscott DB, Suter TM, Capozzi ME, Cardona GR, Urva S, Emmerson PJ, Rosenkilde MM, Campbell JE, Sloop KW\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7526454\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eStudies of the dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide reveal occupancy favoring the GIP receptor and biased cAMP signaling at the GLP-1 receptor. Pharmacological characterization shows tirzepatide is an imbalanced agonist with full efficacy at GIPR but only partial efficacy at GLP-1R, exhibiting biased signaling that favors cAMP over β-arrestin recruitment. It differentially induces internalization of GIPR versus GLP-1R, with full internalization of GIPR but limited internalization of GLP-1R. Ex vivo experiments using pancreatic islets indicate that β-arrestin1 limits insulin response to GLP-1 but not GIP or tirzepatide, supporting a distinct signaling profile. The study also introduces receptor occupancy estimation methods, highlighting the pharmacological basis for tirzepatide’s efficacy and suggesting that biased agonism and receptor engagement contribute to its metabolic benefits.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis research explains how tirzepatide works at the molecular level. It mainly activates the GIP receptor strongly but only partly activates the GLP-1 receptor, and it prefers certain signaling pathways over others. This unique activity may help explain why tirzepatide is effective in lowering blood sugar and reducing weight. It also shows that tirzepatide affects the receptors differently, internalizing GIP receptors fully but only partially affecting GLP-1 receptors. These findings help us understand how tirzepatide improves metabolic health and can guide the development of future treatments.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: Tirzepatide modulates the regulation of adipocyte nutrient metabolism through long-acting activation of the GIP receptor\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAjit Regmi, Eitaro Aihara, Michael E. Christe, Gabor Varga, Thomas P. Beyer, Xiaoping Ruan, Emily Beebe, Libbey S. O’Farrell, Melissa A. Bellinger, Aaron K. Austin, Yanzhu Lin, Haitao Hu, Debra L. Konkol, Samantha Wojnicki, Adrienne K. Holland, Jessica L. Friedrich, Robert A. Brown, Amanda S. Estelle, Hannah S. Badger, Gabriel S. Gaidosh, William Roell\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1550413124001864\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eUsing human adipocyte and mouse models, we investigated how long-acting GIPR agonists regulate fasted and fed adipocyte functions. In functional assays, GIPR agonism enhanced insulin signaling, augmented glucose uptake, and increased the conversion of glucose to glycerol in a cooperative manner with insulin; however, in the absence of insulin, GIPR agonists increased lipolysis. In diet-induced obese mice treated with a long-acting GIPR agonist, circulating triglyceride levels were reduced during oral lipid challenge, and lipoprotein-derived fatty acid uptake into adipose tissue was increased. Our findings support a model for long-acting GIPR agonists to modulate both fasted and fed adipose tissue function differentially by cooperating with insulin to augment glucose and lipid clearance in the fed state while enhancing lipid release when insulin levels are reduced in the fasted state.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study shows that tirzepatide, a drug that activates GIP and GLP-1 receptors, can directly affect fat cells by increasing their ability to take up and store nutrients when insulin is present (fed state) and promoting fat breakdown when insulin is low (fasted state). These effects help improve blood sugar and lipid levels without increasing fat mass, offering a better understanding of how tirzepatide works to improve metabolic health in diabetes and obesity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: GLP-1\/GIP dual agonist tirzepatide normalizes diabetic nephropathy via PI3K\/AKT mediated suppression of oxidative stress\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eYan Tian, Ruixue Tian, He Juan, Yafan Guo, Pan Yan, Yao Cheng, Rongshan Li, Baodong Wang\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1567576924023993\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThe study investigates the effects of the dual GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonist tirzepatide on diabetic nephropathy (DN) in mice and in vitro podocyte cells. It demonstrates that tirzepatide reduces glucose levels, body weight, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and enhances antioxidative stress activities, similar to semaglutide, at a dose one-third lower. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that tirzepatide significantly enriches the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, which was validated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry showing activation of this pathway. In vitro, tirzepatide regulated oxidative stress and the PI3K-AKT pathway in high glucose-exposed podocytes, with its antioxidative effects reversed by a PI3K inhibitor. These findings suggest tirzepatide mitigates DN by activating the PI3K\/AKT pathway, reducing oxidative stress and podocyte injury, independent of its hypoglycemic effects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study shows that tirzepatide can protect kidneys from damage caused by diabetes. It works by activating a specific signaling pathway (PI3K\/AKT) that helps reduce harmful oxidative stress in kidney cells. This protective effect was observed in both diabetic mice and in lab-grown kidney cells, and it works independently of tirzepatide’s ability to lower blood sugar. This suggests that tirzepatide has direct protective effects on the kidneys, which could be beneficial for patients with diabetic kidney disease.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069390893268,"sku":null,"price":220.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/tirz_40_80_df05-600x815-2.png?v=1780886572"},{"product_id":"glp-3-retatrutide-24mg-vials","title":"GLP-3 Retatrutide (24mg vials)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eGLP-3 Retatrutide\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pp-flex\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSave over 80%!\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$3.50 – $5.70\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePurity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.53%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e24mg Vials\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer ID\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBatch ID\u003c\/strong\u003e: RT202604\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: Structural insights into the triple agonism at GLP-1R, GIPR and GCGR manifested by retatrutide\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWenzhuo Li, Qingtong Zhou, Zhaotong Cong, Qingning Yuan, Wenxin Li, Fenghui Zhao, H. Eric Xu, Li-Hua Zhao, Dehua Yang \u0026amp; Ming-Wei Wang\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41421-024-00700-0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study utilized cryo-electron microscopy to elucidate the structural basis of Retatrutide’s triple agonism at the GLP-1, GIP, and GCG receptors. The researchers determined the structures of Retatrutide in complex with each of the three receptors, revealing that the peptide adopts a single continuous helix. The triple agonism is achieved through a combination of conserved interactions and receptor-specific contacts within the transmembrane domain. The study identified key residues and structural features, such as the conformation of extracellular loop 1 (ECL1) in GIPR, that contribute to the differential binding and activation of the receptors. Mutagenesis and cAMP signaling assays confirmed the functional importance of these interactions, providing a molecular blueprint for Retatrutide’s potent and balanced activity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eScientists have figured out how the new weight-loss drug, Retatrutide, works at a molecular level. This drug is unique because it can activate three different hormone receptors in the body that control appetite and metabolism. Using powerful microscopes, the researchers took detailed 3D pictures of Retatrutide as it was bound to each of these three receptors. They discovered that the drug uses a clever strategy of both sticking to parts that all three receptors have in common and also making specific connections with unique parts of each receptor. This allows it to effectively ‘talk’ to all three at once, leading to its powerful effects on weight loss and blood sugar control. Understanding this mechanism helps to explain why Retatrutide is so effective and can guide the development of even better medicines in the future.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: Decreases in circulating ANGPTL3\/8 concentrations following retatrutide treatment parallel reductions in serum lipids\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eYi Wen, Deven Lemen, Yanzhu Lin, Yan Q Chen, Ajit Regmi, William C Roell, Melissa K Thomas, Mark L Hartman, Tamer Coskun, Zvonko Milicevic, Axel Haupt, Giacomo Ruotolo, Robert J Konrad\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/40726454\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study investigated the effect of Retatrutide on circulating concentrations of the angiopoietin-like protein 3\/8 complex (ANGPTL3\/8) and its relationship with serum lipid levels. The study included both in vivo analysis from two phase 2 clinical trials and in vitro experiments using primary human hepatocytes. The in vitro component demonstrated that both glucagon and Retatrutide directly decreased ANGPTL3\/8 secretion from hepatocytes, and this effect was blocked by a glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonist. These findings suggest that the GCGR agonism of Retatrutide contributes to the reduction in circulating ANGPTL3\/8, which in turn may lead to lower triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eResearchers explored how Retatrutide, a new drug for diabetes and obesity, helps lower bad fats in the blood. They found that Retatrutide reduces the levels of a protein complex called ANGPTL3\/8, which is known to increase fats like triglycerides and LDL cholesterol. To understand how this happens, they conducted experiments on human liver cells in a lab dish. They discovered that Retatrutide directly acts on these cells to decrease the secretion of ANGPTL3\/8. This suggests that part of Retatrutide’s effectiveness in improving cholesterol levels comes from its direct action on the liver, providing a clearer picture of how this promising new drug works.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: Pharmacological Dissection Identifies Retatrutide Overcomes the Therapeutic Barrier of Obese TNBC Treatments through Suppressing the Interplay between Glycosylation and Ubiquitylation of YAP\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eXin Cui, Yueming Zhu, Lidan Zeng, Mengyuan Zhang, Amad Uddin, Theresa W Gillespie, Lauren E McCullough, Shaying Zhao, Mylin A Torres, Yong Wan\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39868848\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study elucidates a molecular mechanism by which Retatrutide overcomes therapeutic resistance in obese triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The research identifies a dysfunctional EIF3H\/YAP proteolytic axis as a key mediator between cancer-associated adipocytes and drug response. In vitro experiments demonstrated that cancer-associated adipocytes upregulate the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), leading to O-GlcNAcylation and stabilization of the YAP protein. Retatrutide was found to inhibit the HBP, thereby preventing YAP O-GlcNAcylation and promoting its degradation. This, in turn, suppresses tumor growth and enhances chemotherapy efficacy. The study provides a detailed mechanistic insight into the interplay between metabolic reprogramming, protein stability, and drug response in the context of obesity and cancer.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eScientists have discovered how the weight-loss drug Retatrutide can also help treat a type of breast cancer that is more common in obese patients. They found that fat cells near the tumor can make the cancer cells resistant to treatment. These fat cells cause a change in the cancer cells’ metabolism, which leads to the buildup of a protein called YAP that helps the cancer grow. The researchers showed that Retatrutide can reverse this process. In lab experiments, Retatrutide blocked the metabolic changes caused by the fat cells and caused the YAP protein to be destroyed. This made the cancer cells more sensitive to chemotherapy. This research uncovers a new way that obesity affects cancer and suggests that drugs like Retatrutide could be used to improve cancer treatment in obese patients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069406752980,"sku":null,"price":216.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/reta_24_48_wf03-600x815-2.png?v=1780886683"},{"product_id":"humanin-10mg-vials","title":"Humanin (10mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHumanin\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 60%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$6.60 – $8.25\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.92%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e:  HP20250805\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: Humanin activates integrin αV–TGFβ axis and leads to glioblastoma progression\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCuong P. Ha, Tuyen N. M. Hua, Vu. T. A. Vo, Jiyeon Om, Sangwon Han, Seung-Kuy Cha, Kyu-Sang Park \u0026amp; Yangsik Jeong\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41419-024-06790-8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThe study investigates the role of the mitochondria-derived peptide humanin in glioblastoma progression. It demonstrates that humanin is highly expressed in glioblastoma tissues and can induce glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) attachment, filopodia formation, and migration through direct binding to integrin αVβ8. Humanin activates the integrin αV–TGFβ signaling axis, leading to canonical TGFβ pathway activation, promoting tumor cell invasion, angiogenesis, and overall tumor aggressiveness. The research combines in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches, showing that humanin facilitates glioblastoma progression via integrin-mediated cell adhesion and subsequent TGFβ signaling, ultimately contributing to poorer prognosis. Targeting the humanin–integrin–TGFβ axis may offer therapeutic potential.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study shows that a small protein called humanin, made inside the mitochondria, helps brain cancer cells stick together and move around more easily, making the cancer more aggressive. Humanin binds directly to a specific receptor on the cancer cells called integrin αVβ8, which then turns on a signaling pathway involving TGFβ that encourages the cancer to invade nearby tissues and grow new blood vessels. These findings suggest that blocking humanin or its interaction with these receptors could be a new way to treat this deadly brain cancer.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: Humanin variants aggregate to produce different fibril morphologies\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eDaniel L. Morris, Sarah B. Nyenhuis, James M. Gruschus, David A. Nyenhuis, Rashmi Puja, Jenny E. Hinshaw, Nico Tjandra\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0021925825022537\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study investigates the fibrillization of Humanin (HN) and its variants using transmission electron microscopy and other biophysical techniques. The research demonstrates that HN forms amyloid-like β-sheet fibrils and that specific mutations can inhibit this process. These mutations are linked to secretion deficiencies in vitro, emphasizing the role of β-sheet structures in membrane interactions. The study also highlights that these structural transitions are necessary for HN to interact with BCL-2 family proteins and inhibit apoptosis, suggesting that the fibrillization of HN is a key aspect of its cytoprotective function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis research explores how the small protein Humanin clumps together to form fibers, similar to those seen in some diseases. By creating different versions of Humanin, the scientists found that the protein’s ability to form these fibers is crucial for its protective effects against cell death. The study suggests that the shape and structure of Humanin are essential for it to work correctly, particularly in how it interacts with cell membranes and other proteins involved in cell survival.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide Humanin Protects RPE Cells From Oxidative Stress, Senescence, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eParameswaran G Sreekumar, Keijiro Ishikawa, Chris Spee, Hemal H Mehta, Junxiang Wan, Kelvin Yen, Pinchas Cohen, Ram Kannan, David R Hinton\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4811181\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThe study investigates the expression of humanin (HN) in human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells and its effects on oxidative stress–induced cell death, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and senescence. Humanin localizes to cytoplasmic and mitochondrial compartments in RPE cells. Exogenous HN is taken up by RPE cells, colocalizing with mitochondria, and inhibits reactive oxygen species formation, restoring mitochondrial bioenergetics. HN increases mitochondrial DNA copy number, upregulates mitochondrial biogenesis regulator mtTFA, and protects RPE cells from oxidative stress–induced apoptosis and senescence. It also maintains transepithelial resistance in polarized RPE monolayers under oxidative stress. The data suggest HN could be a potential therapeutic agent for retinal degeneration including AMD.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study shows that a small protein called humanin, produced inside mitochondria, helps protect eye cells responsible for vision from damage caused by oxidative stress. When extra humanin is added, it gets into the cells and helps keep their mitochondria healthy, prevents cell death and aging, and helps maintain the barrier functions of these cells. These findings suggest that humanin might be useful in developing treatments for age-related eye diseases like macular degeneration.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069429887188,"sku":null,"price":165.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/humanin20_2_10_wf03_720x-600x815-2.webp?v=1780886863"},{"product_id":"ipamorelin-10mg-vials","title":"Ipamorelin (10mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIpamorelin\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 70%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$2.88 – $4.10\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.92%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: IP202601\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eK Raun, B S Hansen, N L Johansen, H Thøgersen, K Madsen, M Ankersen, P H Andersen\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9849822\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eIn vitro, ipamorelin released GH from primary rat pituitary cells with a potency and efficacy similar to GHRP-6 (EC50 = 1.3+\/-0.4nmol\/l and Emax = 85+\/-5% vs 2.2+\/-0.3nmol\/l and 100%). A pharmacological profiling using GHRP and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonists clearly demonstrated that ipamorelin, like GHRP-6, stimulates GH release via a GHRP-like receptor. The specificity for GH release was studied in swine. None of the GH secretagogues tested affected FSH, LH, PRL or TSH plasma levels. Administration of both GHRP-6 and GHRP-2 resulted in increased plasma levels of ACTH and cortisol. Very surprisingly, ipamorelin did not release ACTH or cortisol in levels significantly different from those observed following GHRH stimulation. This lack of effect on ACTH and cortisol plasma levels was evident even at doses more than 200-fold higher than the ED50 for GH release. In conclusion, ipamorelin is the first GHRP-receptor agonist with a selectivity for GH release similar to that displayed by GHRH.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eScientists have developed a new compound called ipamorelin that can stimulate the release of growth hormone (GH). In laboratory experiments using rat pituitary cells, ipamorelin was found to be as effective as a similar compound, GHRP-6, in releasing GH. The study also showed that ipamorelin works by activating a specific receptor in the pituitary gland. Unlike other similar compounds, ipamorelin is very selective and does not cause the release of other hormones like cortisol or ACTH, which are stress-related hormones. This makes ipamorelin a promising candidate for future clinical use as a safe and effective way to boost growth hormone levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: The influence of ghrelin agonist ipamorelin acetate on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in a cichlid fish, Oreochromis mossambicus\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMallikarjun Gouda, C.B. Ganesh\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0378432024001416\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThe administration of either 5 or 30 µg of IPA for 21 days led to a significant and dose-dependent rise in food intake concomitant with a significant increase in the numbers of primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, and early spermatids compared to the control group. There was a significant rise in the number of late spermatids, as well as the areas of the lobule and lumen, in fish treated with 30 µg of IPA, compared to the control group. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the percentage of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-immunoreactive fibres in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland across different groups. However, a significant elevation in the expression of androgen receptor protein was observed in fish treated with 30 µg of IPA. Furthermore, the concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) in the serum of fish treated with either 5 or 30 µg of IPA were significantly elevated in comparison to the control group. Collectively, these findings suggest that the administration of ghrelin enhances the development of germ cells during the meiosis-I phase and that this effect might be mediated via the stimulation of 11-KT and androgen receptors at the testicular level and LH at the pituitary level in the tilapia.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eIn a study on tilapia fish, researchers found that giving them a substance called ipamorelin acetate (IPA) for 21 days made them eat more and produced more sperm cells. The fish that got a higher dose of IPA had more mature sperm and larger reproductive tissues. While the treatment didn’t change the levels of a key reproductive hormone in the brain, it did increase the levels of another hormone that stimulates testosterone production. This suggests that ipamorelin helps to improve fertility in fish by boosting sperm development through a complex hormonal process.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: Detection of the synthetic peptide ipamorelin in dried blood spots by means of UHPLC-HRMS\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEnrico Gerace, Jessica Modaffari, Pierre Negri, Daniele Di Corcia, Eleonora Amante, Alberto Salomone, Marco Vincenti\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1387380621000117\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eA simple and effective procedure based on a fast methanolic extraction and a LC-HRMS detection of the growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin in DBS was recently proposed by Gerace et al. [193]. MS and MS\/MS data were collected by a Q-TOF mass spectrometer operating in the positive ESI mode.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eResearchers have developed a new method to detect the synthetic peptide ipamorelin in dried blood spots. This method is simple, fast, and effective. It uses a technique called liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to identify and measure the amount of ipamorelin in the blood sample. This new method could be useful for a variety of applications, including monitoring the use of ipamorelin in athletes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069443977428,"sku":null,"price":84.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/ipap_10_20_wf03-600x815-2.png?v=1780886996"},{"product_id":"klow-blend-bpc-157-tb-500-ghk-cu-kpv-80mg-vials","title":"KLOW Blend: BPC-157\/TB-500\/GHK-Cu\/KPV (80mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKLOW Blend:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBPC-157 10mg\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTB-500 10mg\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGHK-Cu 50mg\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKPV 10mg\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 65%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$1.35 – $1.65\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.86%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: KW202602\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069461967060,"sku":null,"price":246.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/klow-2x80-1-600x815-2.png?v=1780887082"},{"product_id":"kpv-10mg-vials","title":"KPV (10mg vials)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eKPV\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 40%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$3.20 – $4.40\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.90%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: VI32\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: KV202601\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePepT1-Mediated Tripeptide KPV Uptake Reduces Intestinal Inflammation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTitle:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e PepT1-Mediated Tripeptide KPV Uptake Reduces Intestinal Inflammation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Guillaume Dalmasso, Laetitia Charrier-Hisamuddin, Hang Thi Thu Nguyen, Yutao Yan, Shanthi Sitaraman, Didier Merlin\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC2431115\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Gastroenterology, 2007 Oct 17;134(1):166–178\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuman intestinal epithelial cells (Caco2-BBE and HT29-Cl.19A) and human T cells (Jurkat) were stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines in the presence or absence of KPV to investigate its anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Nanomolar concentrations of KPV inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inflammatory signaling pathways and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Uptake experiments were performed using radiolabeled tritiated KPV ([3H]KPV) to determine kinetic characteristics of KPV cellular uptake. The study found that KPV acts via human peptide transporter 1 (hPepT1) expressed in both immune and intestinal epithelial cells. KPV anti-inflammatory effects were assessed using NF-κB luciferase gene reporter assays, western blot analysis for signaling proteins, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for gene expression, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cytokine quantification. The study demonstrated that KPV is transported into cells by PepT1 and exerts anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways at concentrations as low as nanomolar range.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIn plain English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis research showed that KPV, a tiny three-amino-acid peptide, can reduce inflammation in intestinal and immune cells grown in the laboratory. The peptide enters cells through a specific transporter protein called PepT1, which normally helps absorb nutrients from food. Once inside the cells, even very small amounts of KPV block the activation of key inflammatory signaling pathways, particularly NF-κB, which is like a master switch for inflammation. This prevents the cells from producing inflammatory chemicals called cytokines. The researchers tracked KPV movement into cells using a radioactive version of the peptide and measured its anti-inflammatory effects using multiple laboratory techniques, demonstrating that KPV could potentially be developed as a treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLysine-Proline-Valine peptide mitigates fine dust-induced keratinocyte apoptosis and inflammation by regulating oxidative stress and modulating the MAPK\/NF-κB pathway\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTitle:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Lysine-Proline-Valine peptide mitigates fine dust-induced keratinocyte apoptosis and inflammation by regulating oxidative stress and modulating the MAPK\/NF-κB pathway\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Junghee Sung, Seo-Young Ju, SeungHyun Park, Won-Kyo Jung, Jae-Young Je, Sei-Jung Lee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S004081662500117X\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Tissue and Cell, Volume 95, August 2025, 102837\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe study investigated the protective effects of KPV against oxidative damage and inflammation induced by fine particulate matter (PM10) in human HaCaT keratinocytes using in vitro cell culture methods. HaCaT cells were exposed to PM10 at different concentrations (0–200 μg\/mL) for 24 hours, with significant cytotoxic effects observed at concentrations between 100 and 200 μg\/mL. Treatment with 50 μg\/mL of KPV restored cell viability and reduced interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) secretion that had been disrupted by PM10 exposure. KPV inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which is responsible for activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). KPV decreased the expression of apoptosis-related proteins including Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3, as well as IL-1β, through suppression of the redox-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in PM10-treated HaCaT cells. KPV effectively blocked ROS-mediated caspase-1 activation, thereby reducing IL-1β secretion. In a three-dimensional (3D) skin model, KPV treatment effectively attenuated the inflammatory cell death induced by PM10, demonstrating that KPV protects keratinocytes by mitigating PM10-induced pyroptosis.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIn plain English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study examined how KPV protects skin cells from damage caused by air pollution particles. When human skin cells were exposed to fine dust particles in laboratory dishes, the pollution triggered harmful reactions including production of damaging molecules called reactive oxygen species, activation of stress pathways, and ultimately cell death through inflammation. Adding KPV to the cell cultures prevented these harmful effects by blocking the production of reactive oxygen species and stopping the inflammatory signaling cascades that would normally kill the cells. The researchers tested this not only in simple cell cultures but also in a more realistic three-dimensional artificial skin model, showing that KPV could protect skin from environmental pollution damage. This suggests KPV might be useful in skin care products designed to protect against air pollution.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInhibition of cellular and systemic inflammation cues in human bronchial epithelial cells by melanocortin-related peptides: mechanism of KPV action and a role for MC3R agonists\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTitle:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Inhibition of cellular and systemic inflammation cues in human bronchial epithelial cells by melanocortin-related peptides: mechanism of KPV action and a role for MC3R agonists\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Stephen C Land\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC3403564\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e International Journal of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, 2012 Jun 23;4(2):59–73\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and rhinosyncitial virus (RSV)-evoked nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) signaling was measured in immortalised human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-) in response to KPV using in vitro cell culture techniques. KPV evoked a dose-dependent inhibition of NFκB transcriptional activity, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) enzymatic activity, and secretion of the chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8) and eotaxin. The anti-inflammatory effect of KPV was associated with its nuclear import into cells, stabilisation of the inhibitory protein IκBα, and suppressed nuclear translocation of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged p65RelA, a key subunit of NFκB. Competition assays revealed a direct interaction between KPV and the importin-α3 (Imp-α3) binding site on p65RelA, which may involve blockade of the importin-α armadillo repeat domains 7 and 8. The study demonstrates that KPV translocates to the nucleus in human bronchial epithelial cells and competitively blocks the interaction between Imp-α3 and the p65RelA subunit of NFκB. Cellular and systemic inflammatory signaling was measured using NFκB luciferase reporter gene assays and chemokine secretion quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results show that KPV suppresses NFκB signalling in airway epithelium by directly inhibiting p65RelA nuclear import through competitive binding.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIn plain English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis research uncovered exactly how KPV stops inflammation in lung cells at the molecular level. When lung cells are exposed to viruses or inflammatory signals, a protein complex called NFκB normally moves into the cell nucleus to turn on genes that cause inflammation. The researchers discovered that KPV actually travels into the cell and physically blocks this process by interfering with the transport system that carries NFκB into the nucleus. It’s like KPV acts as a decoy or competitor that prevents the inflammatory proteins from reaching their destination. Using cells that had fluorescent tags attached to key proteins, the scientists could watch this blocking action happen in real time under the microscope. This mechanism is different from many anti-inflammatory drugs and explains why KPV can reduce inflammation caused by various triggers including viruses and inflammatory chemicals in lung tissue.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003cstrong\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/strong\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069475172564,"sku":null,"price":110.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/kpv_10_20_vi32-600x815-2.png?v=1780887288"},{"product_id":"meta-z-kit-10ml-vials","title":"Meta-Z Kit (10mL vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeta-Z Kit\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners’ energy-focused proprietary blend. Formulated for researchers looking to analyze large combinations of vitamins and aminos.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e Ingredient\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCAS\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eQuantity (mg\/mL)\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eB12 (Methylcobalamin)\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e13422-55-4\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eMethionine\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e63-68-3\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e50 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eInositol\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e87-89-8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e100 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCholine Bitartrate\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e87-67-2\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e400 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eTaurine\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e107-35-7\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e50 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eLeucine\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e61-90-5\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e20 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eL-Carnitine\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e541-15-1\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e500 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eL-Arginine\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e74-79-3\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e200 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eAlpha-lipoic acid\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1077-28-7\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e25 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: also contains 2% Benzoic Acid, 2% Lidocaine 0.1%, and sterile water.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndependent analysis pending\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: DF05\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: MZ20250726\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069482741972,"sku":null,"price":880.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/metaz50_5_10_df05_720x-600x815-2.webp?v=1780887392"},{"product_id":"mots-c-10mg-vials","title":"MOTS-c (10mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMOTS-c\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 70%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$3.58 – $4.55\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eMulti-vial Purity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.96%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eEndoxotin Screening\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePASSED\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eHeavy Metals Screening\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePASSED\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSterility Screening\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePASSED\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYES\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: VI32\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: MC202603\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: MOTS-c promotes muscle differentiation in vitro\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSandra García-Benlloch, Francisco Revert-Ros, Jose Rafael Blesa, Rafael Alis\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0196978122001061\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThe study investigated the effect of MOTS-c on myogenesis in human (LHCN-M2) and murine (C2C12) myoblasts. The findings indicate that wild-type MOTS-c peptide enhances myotube formation, whereas a variant with a substitution at tyrosine 8 (Y8F) does not. Furthermore, wild-type MOTS-c, but not the Y8F peptide, was shown to counteract the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced reduction of nuclear myogenin. The proposed mechanism is that MOTS-c interacts with the STAT3 transcription factor via its putative SH2 binding motif (YIFY region), thereby reducing STAT3’s transcriptional activity and promoting myotube formation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis research explored how a naturally occurring peptide called MOTS-c affects muscle cell development. Using muscle cells from both humans and mice, the scientists found that MOTS-c helps these cells to mature and form muscle fibers. They also discovered that a specific part of the MOTS-c molecule is crucial for this process. When this part was altered, the beneficial effect was lost. The study suggests that MOTS-c works by influencing a key protein (STAT3) involved in cell growth, which in turn enhances the formation of new muscle tissue. This could have implications for understanding and potentially treating muscle-related conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: The mitochondrial genome-encoded peptide MOTS-c interacts with Bcl-2 to alleviate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis progression\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHuanyu Lu, Linni Fan, Wenli Zhang, Guo Chen, An Xiang, Li Wang, Zifan Lu, Yue Zhai\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2211124723015991\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study elucidates the molecular mechanism by which MOTS-c ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The research demonstrates that MOTS-c directly interacts with the BH3 domain of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). This interaction enhances Bcl-2 protein stability by suppressing its ubiquitination. In vitro experiments using a Bcl-2 inhibitor and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated Bcl-2 knockdown confirmed that the protective effects of MOTS-c against NASH-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and fibrosis are dependent on Bcl-2 function. Metabolomic analysis further revealed that MOTS-c reverses NASH-induced mitochondrial metabolic deficiencies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis research uncovers how a natural peptide called MOTS-c can help protect the liver from a serious condition called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is a severe form of fatty liver disease. The scientists discovered that MOTS-c works by interacting with a protein called Bcl-2, which is known to prevent cell death. By binding to Bcl-2, MOTS-c makes it more stable and prevents it from being broken down by the cell. This action helps to restore normal function to the mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cells, and reduces the inflammation and scarring associated with NASH. In essence, MOTS-c acts as a guardian for liver cells, protecting them from the damage caused by this disease.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: MOTS-c modulates skeletal muscle function by directly binding and activating CK2\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHiroshi Kumagai, Su-Jeong Kim, Brendan Miller, et al.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.cell.com\/iscience\/fulltext\/S2589-0042(24)02437-4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study identifies protein kinase CK2 as a direct and functional target of MOTS-c. In vitro, cell-free systems demonstrated that MOTS-c directly binds to and activates CK2. This interaction is crucial for the metabolic effects of MOTS-c. The study also investigated a naturally occurring variant, K14Q MOTS-c, which showed reduced binding to CK2 and a concomitant lack of activation. This provides a molecular basis for the observed physiological effects, linking the in vitro findings to in vivo and clinical observations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis research discovered that a small protein called MOTS-c works by directly switching on an enzyme called CK2. Using experiments in a test tube, the scientists showed that MOTS-c binds to CK2 and activates it. This is like a key fitting into a lock to turn on a machine. They also found that a common variation of the MOTS-c ‘key’ doesn’t fit the CK2 ‘lock’ as well, and so it can’t turn on the machine. This discovery helps to explain how MOTS-c affects our bodies at a molecular level, and why some people might be more prone to certain health issues.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069499060436,"sku":null,"price":71.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/mots20_2_10_wf03_720x-600x815-2.webp?v=1780887489"},{"product_id":"mots-c-40mg-vials","title":"MOTS-c (40mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMOTS-c – 40mg Vials\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 70%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$2.00 – $3.15\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.41%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: MC202602\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: MOTS-c promotes muscle differentiation in vitro\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSandra García-Benlloch, Francisco Revert-Ros, Jose Rafael Blesa, Rafael Alis\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0196978122001061\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThe study investigated the effect of MOTS-c on myogenesis in human (LHCN-M2) and murine (C2C12) myoblasts. The findings indicate that wild-type MOTS-c peptide enhances myotube formation, whereas a variant with a substitution at tyrosine 8 (Y8F) does not. Furthermore, wild-type MOTS-c, but not the Y8F peptide, was shown to counteract the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced reduction of nuclear myogenin. The proposed mechanism is that MOTS-c interacts with the STAT3 transcription factor via its putative SH2 binding motif (YIFY region), thereby reducing STAT3’s transcriptional activity and promoting myotube formation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis research explored how a naturally occurring peptide called MOTS-c affects muscle cell development. Using muscle cells from both humans and mice, the scientists found that MOTS-c helps these cells to mature and form muscle fibers. They also discovered that a specific part of the MOTS-c molecule is crucial for this process. When this part was altered, the beneficial effect was lost. The study suggests that MOTS-c works by influencing a key protein (STAT3) involved in cell growth, which in turn enhances the formation of new muscle tissue. This could have implications for understanding and potentially treating muscle-related conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: The mitochondrial genome-encoded peptide MOTS-c interacts with Bcl-2 to alleviate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis progression\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHuanyu Lu, Linni Fan, Wenli Zhang, Guo Chen, An Xiang, Li Wang, Zifan Lu, Yue Zhai\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2211124723015991\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study elucidates the molecular mechanism by which MOTS-c ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The research demonstrates that MOTS-c directly interacts with the BH3 domain of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). This interaction enhances Bcl-2 protein stability by suppressing its ubiquitination. In vitro experiments using a Bcl-2 inhibitor and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated Bcl-2 knockdown confirmed that the protective effects of MOTS-c against NASH-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and fibrosis are dependent on Bcl-2 function. Metabolomic analysis further revealed that MOTS-c reverses NASH-induced mitochondrial metabolic deficiencies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis research uncovers how a natural peptide called MOTS-c can help protect the liver from a serious condition called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is a severe form of fatty liver disease. The scientists discovered that MOTS-c works by interacting with a protein called Bcl-2, which is known to prevent cell death. By binding to Bcl-2, MOTS-c makes it more stable and prevents it from being broken down by the cell. This action helps to restore normal function to the mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cells, and reduces the inflammation and scarring associated with NASH. In essence, MOTS-c acts as a guardian for liver cells, protecting them from the damage caused by this disease.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: MOTS-c modulates skeletal muscle function by directly binding and activating CK2\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHiroshi Kumagai, Su-Jeong Kim, Brendan Miller, et al.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.cell.com\/iscience\/fulltext\/S2589-0042(24)02437-4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study identifies protein kinase CK2 as a direct and functional target of MOTS-c. In vitro, cell-free systems demonstrated that MOTS-c directly binds to and activates CK2. This interaction is crucial for the metabolic effects of MOTS-c. The study also investigated a naturally occurring variant, K14Q MOTS-c, which showed reduced binding to CK2 and a concomitant lack of activation. This provides a molecular basis for the observed physiological effects, linking the in vitro findings to in vivo and clinical observations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis research discovered that a small protein called MOTS-c works by directly switching on an enzyme called CK2. Using experiments in a test tube, the scientists showed that MOTS-c binds to CK2 and activates it. This is like a key fitting into a lock to turn on a machine. They also found that a common variation of the MOTS-c ‘key’ doesn’t fit the CK2 ‘lock’ as well, and so it can’t turn on the machine. This discovery helps to explain how MOTS-c affects our bodies at a molecular level, and why some people might be more prone to certain health issues.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069509415124,"sku":null,"price":235.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/mots_40_80_wf03-600x815-2.png?v=1780887600"},{"product_id":"na-selank-amidate-30mg-vials","title":"NA Selank Amidate (30mg vials)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eN-Acetyl Selank Amidate\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 70%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$2.30 – $3.90\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.95%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: VI32\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: SEK202601\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSelank Administration Affects the Expression of Some Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Anastasiya Volkova, Maria Shadrina, Timur Kolomin, Lyudmila Andreeva, Svetlana Limborska, Nikolay Myasoedov, Petr Slominsky\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2016 Feb 18;7:31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4757669\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003eScientific Summary\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe study analyzed the expression of 84 genes involved in neurotransmission (including major subunits of the GABA receptor, transporters, ion channels, dopamine, and serotonin receptors) in the frontal cortex of rats 1 and 3 hours after administration of Selank or GABA (300 μg\/kg) using real-time PCR method. Frontal cortex tissues were extracted from rats, and total RNA was isolated using the RNeasy Mini Kit. First-strand cDNAs were synthesized using the RT2 First Strand Kit, and real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed using a Custom RT2 Profiler PCR Array. The study found significant changes in the expression of 45 genes 1 hour after administration of the compounds, and 22 genes changed their expression 3 hours after Selank or GABA administration. A positive correlation was found between the changes in gene expression within 1 hour after administration of Selank or GABA. The results showed that Selank caused alterations in the expression of genes involved in neurotransmission, including GABA receptor subunits (Gabrb3, Gabre, Gabrq), dopamine receptors (Drd1a, Drd2, Drd3, Drd5), serotonin receptors (Htr3a), ion channels (Cacna1a, Cacna1b, P2rx7), and GABA transporters (Slc32a1, Slc6a1, Slc6a11, Slc6a13). The data indicate that Selank’s molecular mechanism is associated with allosteric modulation of the GABAergic system.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis research examined how Selank affects the activity of genes in the brain that control neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers that help brain cells communicate. Scientists gave rats either Selank or GABA (a natural calming brain chemical) and then looked at which genes became more or less active in the frontal cortex, a brain region involved in thinking and decision-making. They used a technique called real-time PCR to measure gene activity at two time points: 1 hour and 3 hours after giving the compounds. The researchers found that Selank changed the activity of many genes related to the GABA system, which is the brain’s main calming mechanism. Specifically, Selank affected genes that make GABA receptors (the “docking stations” where GABA attaches to brain cells), dopamine receptors (involved in reward and motivation), serotonin receptors (involved in mood), and proteins that transport GABA around the brain. The pattern of gene changes caused by Selank was similar to those caused by GABA itself, suggesting that Selank works by fine-tuning the GABA system rather than activating it directly. This helps explain why Selank has calming and anti-anxiety effects without causing the sedation or dependence problems associated with traditional anti-anxiety drugs like benzodiazepines.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGABA, Selank, and Olanzapine Affect the Expression of Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission in IMR-32 Cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Elena Filatova, Anastasiya Kasian, Timur Kolomin, Ekaterina Rybalkina, Anelya Alieva, Lyudmila Andreeva, Svetlana Limborska, Nikolay Myasoedov, Galina Pavlova, Petr Slominsky, Maria Shadrina\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Frontiers in Pharmacology, 28 February 2017, Volume 8, Article 89\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/pharmacology\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2017.00089\/full\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003eScientific Summary\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe study examined changes in expression of 84 genes involved in neurotransmission in the human neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32 using quantitative PCR (qPCR) method. IMR-32 cells were seeded into 6-well plates at 1-2 million cells per well and incubated for 24 hours to allow adherence. After 24 hours, cells were treated with Selank (1 nmol per well), GABA (1 nmol per well), olanzapine (1 nmol per well), or combinations (Selank+GABA; Selank+olanzapine) for 1 hour. RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent and QIAamp RNA mini kit, and first-strand cDNAs were synthesized using the RT2 First Strand Kit. qPCR was performed using Custom Human RT2 Profiler PCR Array on the StepOnePlus Real-Time qPCR System. The study found no changes in mRNA levels of the genes studied under the effect of Selank alone in IMR-32 cells. However, the combined effect of GABA and Selank led to nearly complete suppression of changes in expression of genes in which mRNA levels changed under the effect of GABA alone. When Selank was used in conjunction with olanzapine, expression alterations of 35 genes were observed (compared with 25 genes for olanzapine alone), including decreased mRNA levels of ADORA2A, CSF2, CX3CL1, DRD3, FOS, GABBR1, JUNB, MMP10, NPFFR1, and SLC32A1. The data indicate that Selank has no direct effect on mRNA levels of GABAergic system genes in neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells, but may affect the interaction of GABA with GABAA receptors and may enhance the effect of olanzapine on gene expression.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study investigated how Selank affects gene activity in human brain-like cells (neuroblastoma cells) grown in laboratory dishes. The researchers treated these cells with Selank alone, GABA alone, olanzapine (an antipsychotic medication) alone, or combinations of these compounds, then measured which genes turned on or off after one hour. Surprisingly, when Selank was added to the cells by itself, it didn’t change the activity of any of the genes they were monitoring. This was different from what happens in living animals, suggesting that Selank needs the complex environment of a living brain to show its effects. However, when Selank was combined with GABA, something interesting happened: Selank almost completely blocked the gene changes that GABA normally causes. This suggests that Selank might work by modifying how GABA interacts with its receptors on brain cells, rather than by directly activating those receptors itself. When Selank was combined with olanzapine, it amplified the drug’s effects, causing changes in even more genes than olanzapine alone. These findings help explain why Selank doesn’t cause sedation or addiction like traditional anti-anxiety drugs—it acts as a modulator that fine-tunes the GABA system rather than directly activating it. The results also suggest that Selank might enhance the effects of certain psychiatric medications, which could have implications for combination therapies.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePeptide-based Anxiolytics: The Molecular Aspects of Heptapeptide Selank Biological Activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Tatiana V. Vyunova, Lioudmila Andreeva, Konstantin Shevchenko, Nikolay Myasoedov\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Protein and Peptide Letters, Volume 25, Number 10, 2018, pp. 914-923(10)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/ben\/ppl\/2018\/00000025\/00000010\/art00006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003eScientific Summary\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe study used the radioligand-receptor method of analysis to investigate Selank’s molecular mechanisms. Brain cell plasmatic membranes were isolated and protein concentration was detected in membrane samples. HPLC was used to obtain and ensure reagents and Selank purity. The radioligand binding assay used tritiated GABA ([3H]GABA) to measure binding to GABA receptors in the presence of Selank. The study showed that Selank affects [3H]GABA binding as a positive allosteric modulator. The joint action of Selank and some benzodiazepines (Diazepam and Olanzapine) also regulates activity of [3H]GABA binding in a specific manner, which is not cumulative and differs from either substance individually. Selank was able to block the modulatory activity of Diazepam and Olanzapine, suggesting that the location of their binding sites and the peptide binding sites are apparently not the same, but potentially may partially overlap. The study demonstrated concentration-dependent effects of Selank on GABA receptor binding. The results showed that one of Selank’s anti-anxiety molecular mechanisms can be associated with subtype selective concentration-dependent allosteric modulation of GABA receptors.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis research used a sophisticated technique to understand exactly how Selank interacts with GABA receptors in the brain. The scientists isolated membranes from brain cells and used radioactive GABA molecules as tracers to see how Selank affects GABA’s ability to bind to its receptors. They discovered that Selank acts as what’s called a “positive allosteric modulator,” which means it doesn’t directly activate GABA receptors itself, but instead changes the shape of the receptor in a way that makes GABA work better. Think of it like adjusting the tuning on a radio—Selank fine-tunes the receptor to make it more responsive to GABA’s signal. Interestingly, when the researchers combined Selank with benzodiazepine drugs like Diazepam (Valium) or Olanzapine, Selank actually blocked some of the drugs’ effects rather than adding to them. This suggests that Selank and these drugs bind to different but overlapping spots on the GABA receptor. The effect of Selank depended on how much was present—higher concentrations had stronger effects. This concentration-dependent action is important because it means Selank’s effects are self-limiting and less likely to cause overdose problems. The findings help explain why Selank provides anxiety relief without the drowsiness, memory problems, and addiction risks associated with benzodiazepines—it works through a gentler, more nuanced mechanism that enhances the brain’s natural calming system rather than overwhelming it.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003cstrong\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/strong\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069517312212,"sku":null,"price":234.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/selank_30_60_vi32-600x815-2.png?v=1780887688"},{"product_id":"nad-buffered-750mg-vials","title":"NAD+ Buffered (750mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNAD+ Kit\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 80%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$0.10 – $0.15\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.92%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: VI32\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: NDB202601\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: Dihydronicotinamide riboside is a potent NAD+ concentration enhancer in vitro and in vivo\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eYue Yang, Farheen Sultana Mohammed, Ning Zhang, Anthony A. Sauve\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.jbc.org\/article\/S0021-9258(20)35173-5\/fulltext\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThe study reports the synthesis of dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH) and its evaluation as a potent NAD+ precursor. In vitro experiments using various mammalian cell lines demonstrated that NRH administration led to a rapid and substantial increase in intracellular NAD+ concentrations, ranging from 2.5- to 10-fold over control values within one hour. Comparative analysis with established NAD+ precursors, nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), revealed that NRH consistently exhibited superior efficacy in augmenting NAD+ levels at equivalent concentrations. Furthermore, NRH treatment significantly increased the NAD+\/NADH ratio in cultured cells and conferred protection against cell death induced by genotoxic agents like hydrogen peroxide and methylmethane sulfonate. Mechanistic investigations indicated that NRH is not an inhibitor of NAD+ consumption but rather serves as a biochemical precursor. Cell lysates were found to possess an ATP-dependent kinase activity that efficiently converts NRH to nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMNH), independent of the known NR kinases Nrk1 or Nrk2, suggesting the existence of a novel metabolic pathway for NAD+ biosynthesis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eResearchers have developed a new compound called dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH) that acts as a powerful booster for cellular energy. In laboratory experiments conducted on cells, NRH was found to be significantly more effective at increasing the levels of a crucial molecule called NAD+ compared to other similar substances. This increase in NAD+ helps to improve the cell’s energy balance and protects it from damage caused by stress. The study suggests that NRH works through a previously unknown pathway in the cell, opening up new possibilities for developing therapies that target cellular metabolism and aging.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: NAD+\/NADH redox alterations reconfigure metabolism and rejuvenate senescent human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eXuegang Yuan, Yijun Liu, Brent M. Bijonowski, Ang-Chen Tsai, Qin Fu, Timothy M. Logan, Teng Ma \u0026amp; Yan Li\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-020-01514-y\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study investigates the role of NAD+\/NADH redox balance in the replicative senescence of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) during in vitro expansion. The researchers found that prolonged cell culture leads to a decline in the intracellular NAD+\/NADH ratio and reduced activity of Sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1), a NAD+-dependent deacetylase. This was accompanied by a metabolic shift towards glycolysis and diminished mitochondrial fitness, characteristic of cellular senescence. Treatment of late-passage hMSCs with the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide (NAM) successfully restored intracellular NAD+ levels, rebalanced the NAD+\/NADH ratio, and enhanced Sirt-1 activity. Consequently, NAM-treated cells exhibited a partial reversal of the senescent phenotype, including improved mitochondrial function and a rejuvenated metabolic profile. In contrast, human dermal fibroblasts (hFBs) showed a more stable NAD+\/NADH balance and limited senescence during in vitro expansion, highlighting a key metabolic distinction between stem cells and differentiated cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eAs we age, our bodies’ stem cells, which are responsible for repairing tissues, can become old and less effective. Scientists have been studying why this happens by growing human stem cells in the lab. They discovered that as the stem cells multiply, their energy balance gets disrupted, leading to a decrease in a vital molecule called NAD+. This, in turn, causes the cells to age and lose their regenerative abilities. In this study, the researchers found that by giving the aging stem cells a vitamin B3 derivative, they could boost their NAD+ levels. This simple intervention helped to restore the cells’ energy balance, improve their function, and essentially make them ‘younger’ again. This research provides important clues about how we might be able to combat the effects of aging and improve our bodies’ natural repair mechanisms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: Cellular NAD Replenishment Confers Marked Neuroprotection Against Ischemic Cell Death: Role of Enhanced DNA Repair\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSuping Wang, Zili Xing, Peter S. Vosler, Hannah Yin, et al.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/strokeaha.107.509158\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis in vitro study investigated the neuroprotective effects of direct NAD+ replenishment in primary rat neuronal cultures subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), a model for ischemic injury. The researchers demonstrated that exogenous NAD+ administration, either before or after the OGD insult, significantly reduced neuronal cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Mechanistically, NAD+ replenishment was found to counteract the OGD-induced accumulation of oxidative DNA damage, including AP sites and single\/double-strand breaks. This was achieved by restoring the activity of the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Specifically, NAD+ treatment inhibited the aberrant serine-specific phosphorylation of key BER enzymes, AP endonuclease (APE) and DNA polymerase-β (β-pol), which are typically inactivated during ischemic conditions. The critical role of the BER pathway in mediating the neuroprotective effects of NAD+ was confirmed by experiments where the knockdown of APE expression significantly diminished the pro-survival benefits of NAD+ replenishment. The study concludes that direct cellular NAD+ replenishment is a potent strategy to mitigate ischemic neuronal injury by enhancing DNA repair capacity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eWhen brain cells are deprived of oxygen and sugar, as happens during a stroke, they suffer from a kind of stress that damages their DNA and can lead to cell death. This study, conducted on rat brain cells in a dish, explored whether directly supplying NAD+, a vital molecule for cell survival and energy production, could protect them from this damage. The scientists found that adding NAD+ to the cells, even after the injury had occurred, acted as a powerful rescue mission. It significantly reduced cell death by helping the cells to repair their damaged DNA more effectively. Essentially, NAD+ helps to switch back on the cells’ natural DNA repair machinery, which gets turned off during a stroke-like event. This research suggests that boosting NAD+ levels could be a promising new way to protect brain cells from the devastating effects of a stroke.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069528879316,"sku":null,"price":150.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/nad1500_2_750_sh07_720x-600x815-2.webp?v=1780887779"},{"product_id":"pinealon-20mg-vials","title":"Pinealon (20mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePinealon – 20mg Vials\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 60%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$1.70 – $2.75\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eMulti-vial Purity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.96%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eEndotoxin Screening\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePASSED\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eHeavy Metals Screening\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePASSED\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYES\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: PN202603\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePinealon Increases Cell Viability by Suppression of Free Radical Levels and Activating Proliferative Processes\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e V. Khavinson, Y. Ribakova, K. Kulebiakin, E. Vladychenskaya, L. Kozina, A. Arutjunyan, A. Boldyrev\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublication:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Rejuvenation Research, Volume 14, Issue 5, October 2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21978084\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScientific Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study investigated the effects of the synthetic tripeptide Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) on cell metabolism under oxidative stress conditions in vitro. The researchers utilized three cell models: dissociated rat cerebellar granule cells, rat peripheral blood neutrophils, and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell cultures. Oxidative stress was induced using receptor-dependent agents (ouabain and homocysteine) and a non-receptor agent (hydrogen peroxide, H2O2). Flow cytometry and chemiluminescence assays demonstrated that Pinealon dose-dependently restricted the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in all three cell types. In PC12 cells exposed to 1 mM H2O2, Pinealon significantly decreased necrotic cell death as measured by propidium iodide staining. Furthermore, Western blot analysis revealed that Pinealon delayed the activation of ERK 1\/2 kinase induced by homocysteine. Cell cycle analysis showed that Pinealon modulated proliferative activity, decreasing the number of cells in the G1 phase while increasing those in the G2 and S phases. The researchers concluded that because ROS restriction saturated at lower concentrations (100 nM) while cell cycle modulation continued at higher concentrations (up to 500 nM), Pinealon likely interacts directly with the cell genome or gene expression factors in addition to its antioxidant activity.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis laboratory study tested how well the Pinealon peptide protects different types of nerve and immune cells from damage caused by “oxidative stress”—a harmful process where unstable molecules called free radicals build up and damage cells. The researchers exposed the cells to toxic chemicals that trigger this stress. They found that adding Pinealon significantly reduced the buildup of these harmful free radicals in all the cell types tested. When nerve-like cells were exposed to a strong toxin (hydrogen peroxide), Pinealon successfully kept more of the cells alive and prevented them from dying. Interestingly, the researchers also discovered that Pinealon does more than just act as an antioxidant; it actually influences the cells’ internal clock (the cell cycle), encouraging them to grow and divide. This suggests that Pinealon works by interacting directly with the cells’ genetic machinery to promote survival and repair.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNeuroprotective Effects of Tripeptides—Epigenetic Regulators in Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Vladimir Khavinson, Anastasiia Ilina, Nina Kraskovskaya, Natalia Linkova, Nina Kolchina, Ekaterina Mironova, Alexander Erofeev, Michael Petukhov\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublication:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Pharmaceuticals (Basel), Volume 14, Issue 6, May 2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8227791\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScientific Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis research explored the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of the EDR peptide (Pinealon) and KED peptide in a 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While the study included in vivo components, it heavily relied on in vitro molecular modeling and docking of the peptides to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) to elucidate their mechanism of action. The researchers found that the EDR peptide binds specifically to the promoter regions of several genes critically involved in AD pathogenesis, including \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCASP3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e (caspase-3, involved in apoptosis), \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNES\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e (nestin, a neurogenesis marker), \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGAP43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e (growth associated protein 43, involved in neuroplasticity), and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAPOE\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e (apolipoprotein E). In the associated ex vivo\/in vitro morphological analyses of hippocampal CA1 neurons, the EDR peptide was shown to prevent the elimination of dendritic spines—the small protrusions on neurons essential for synaptic transmission and memory. Specifically, EDR peptide administration restored overall dendritic spine density to control levels and reduced the pathological increase in “thin” spines associated with AD progression. The study concluded that the neuroprotective effect of the EDR peptide is mediated at the molecular epigenetic level through direct interaction with DNA, thereby regulating the expression of genes responsible for neuroplasticity and preventing dendritic spine loss.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study investigated exactly how the Pinealon (EDR) peptide protects the brain in Alzheimer’s disease. The researchers used advanced computer modeling to see how the peptide interacts with DNA, and they examined brain cells under a microscope. They discovered that Pinealon works as an “epigenetic regulator”—meaning it attaches directly to specific sections of DNA to turn certain genes on or off. Specifically, it targets genes that control cell death, nerve growth, and brain plasticity. When they looked at the actual nerve cells, they found that Alzheimer’s disease normally causes neurons to lose their “dendritic spines,” which are tiny connection points crucial for memory and learning. Treatment with the Pinealon peptide prevented this loss, keeping the nerve connections intact and healthy. In simple terms, Pinealon protects memory by going straight to the DNA to activate repair genes, which physically preserves the communication bridges between brain cells.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShort Peptides Protect Fibroblast-Derived Induced Neurons from Age-Related Changes\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Nina Kraskovskaya, Natalia Linkova, Elena Sakhenberg, Daria Krieger, Victoria Polyakova, Dmitrii Medvedev, Alexander Krasichkov, Mikhail Khotin, Galina Ryzhak\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublication:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Volume 25, Issue 21, October 2024\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11546785\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScientific Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis recent in vitro study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of short peptides, including EDR (Pinealon), using a novel cellular model of human neuronal aging. The researchers utilized direct reprogramming (transdifferentiation) to convert aged dermal fibroblasts from elderly human donors (aged 61-68) directly into induced cortical neurons (iNs). This advanced model preserves the age-related epigenetic and metabolic signatures of the donors. The induced neurons were treated with the EDR peptide (10 µg\/mL) for 10 days. Immunofluorescent analysis revealed that the EDR peptide significantly reduced oxidative DNA damage in the aged neurons, as evidenced by a 23% decrease in 8-OHdG (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine) levels compared to untreated controls. Furthermore, morphological analysis of the dendritic tree demonstrated that the EDR peptide strongly stimulated dendritogenesis; it significantly increased the number of primary neuronal processes by 28%, branching points by 65%, and the total length of dendrites by 46%. While the peptide did not significantly alter mitochondrial or lysosomal activity, or the expression of senescence markers p16 and laminB1, its profound effects on reducing DNA damage and enhancing dendritic arborization led the authors to conclude that the EDR peptide partially protects human neurons from age-related deterioration and stimulates structural neuroplasticity.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIn this cutting-edge 2024 study, scientists created a unique laboratory model of human brain aging. Instead of using animal cells, they took skin cells from elderly human donors and genetically transformed them directly into brain cells (neurons). Because the original cells were old, the resulting neurons also showed signs of natural aging. The researchers then treated these aged human neurons with the Pinealon (EDR) peptide. They found two major benefits. First, Pinealon significantly reduced oxidative damage to the cells’ DNA, acting as a protective shield for the genetic material. Second, and most impressively, Pinealon caused the neurons to grow significantly more branches (dendrites). The treated neurons grew 28% more main branches and the total length of their connection networks increased by 46%. This means that Pinealon not only protects aging human brain cells from genetic damage but also actively stimulates them to grow new connections, which is vital for maintaining a healthy, functioning brain as we age.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003cstrong\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/strong\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069538414804,"sku":null,"price":100.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/pin_20_40_vi32-600x815-2.png?v=1780887881"},{"product_id":"pt-141-10mg-vials","title":"PT-141 (10mg vials)","description":"\u003ch2\u003ePT-141 (Bremelanotide)\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 40%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$3.20 – $4.20\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.89%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: VI32\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: PT202512\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMelanocortin Receptors, Melanotropic Peptides and Penile Erection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTitle:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Melanocortin Receptors, Melanotropic Peptides and Penile Erection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Stephen H King, Alexander V Mayorov, Preeti Balse-Srinivasan, Victor J Hruby, Todd W Vanderah, Hunter Wessells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC2694735\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2007;7(11):1098–1106\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePT-141 (Bremelanotide) is a synthetic heptapeptide that represents a deaminated derivative and likely metabolite of melanotan-II (MT-II). This compound demonstrates strong binding affinity to melanocortin receptors 1, 3, and 4, with a higher affinity for MC4R over MC3R. Application of PT-141 to HEK-293 cells expressing MC4R increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production, indicating that this compound, like MT-II, acts as an agonist at melanocortin receptors. This in vitro cell culture study demonstrated receptor activation through the cAMP signaling pathway, which is a key second messenger system in G-protein coupled receptor signaling. The study utilized human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) transfected to express the melanocortin-4 receptor, providing direct evidence of PT-141’s agonist activity at this receptor subtype through measurement of intracellular cAMP accumulation.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIn plain English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis research showed that PT-141 works by binding to and activating specific protein receptors on cell surfaces called melanocortin receptors. When PT-141 attaches to these receptors on cells grown in laboratory dishes, it triggers a chain reaction inside the cells that produces more of a chemical messenger called cAMP. This proves that PT-141 functions as an activator (agonist) of these receptors, particularly the MC4R type, which is important for understanding how the drug might work in the body to affect sexual function and other processes controlled by these receptors.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMelanocortin Receptor Agonist Bremelanotide Induces Cell Death and Growth Inhibition in Glioblastoma Cells via Suppression of Survivin Expression\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTitle:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Bremelanotide Induces Cell Death and Growth Inhibition in Glioblastoma Cells via Suppression of Survivin Expression\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Shuhei Suzuki, Chifumi Kitanaka, Masashi Okada\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/ar.iiarjournals.org\/content\/44\/9\/3875\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Anticancer Research, September 2024, 44(9):3875-3883\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe effects of bremelanotide, a melanocortin receptor agonist, were investigated in human glioblastoma cell lines using in vitro methodologies. Bremelanotide reduced survivin expression and induced cell death in glioblastoma cells at concentrations that were not toxic to normal human cells. Both of these effects were canceled in the presence of an antagonist of melanocortin receptors 3 and 4, confirming receptor-mediated mechanisms. Bremelanotide-induced cell death was prevented by forced over-expression of survivin in glioblastoma cells, suggesting that bremelanotide induces glioblastoma cell death by inhibiting the expression of survivin, an anti-apoptotic protein. Additionally, bremelanotide promoted cell death induced by chemotherapeutic agents such as temozolomide and osimertinib. The study utilized human glioblastoma cell lines (U-87, GS-Y01, and GS-Y03) and normal human fibroblasts (IMR-90) to assess cell viability, survivin protein expression, and apoptotic markers through western blotting, cell viability assays, and molecular biology techniques.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIn plain English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study discovered that bremelanotide can kill brain cancer cells (glioblastoma) grown in laboratory culture dishes without harming normal cells. The drug works by reducing levels of a protein called survivin that helps cancer cells stay alive. When survivin levels drop, the cancer cells die through a natural cell death process. The researchers proved this by showing that when they artificially increased survivin levels in the cancer cells, bremelanotide could no longer kill them. Importantly, bremelanotide also made standard chemotherapy drugs work better against these brain cancer cells, suggesting it could potentially be used alongside existing cancer treatments.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStructural insights into ligand recognition and activation of the melanocortin-4 receptor\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTitle:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Structural insights into ligand recognition and activation of the melanocortin-4 receptor\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Huibing Zhang, Li-Nan Chen, Dehua Yang, Chunyou Mao, Qingya Shen, Wenbo Feng, Dan-Dan Shen, Antao Dai, Shanshan Xie, Yan Zhou, Jiao Qin, Jin-Peng Sun, Daniel H. Scharf, Tingjun Hou, Tianhua Zhou, Ming-Wei Wang, Yan Zhang\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41422-021-00552-3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Cell Research, 25 August 2021, volume 31, pages 1163–1175\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study reports four high-resolution structures of full-length melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) in complex with the heterotrimeric Gs protein stimulated by different ligands, including the FDA-approved drug bremelanotide (Vyleesi™). The structures were determined using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), an advanced in vitro structural biology technique that allows visualization of protein complexes at near-atomic resolution. The bremelanotide-MC4R-Gs complex structure was deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession number 7F55 and Electron Microscopy Data Bank under accession code 31458, at a resolution of 3.1 Ångströms. Together with pharmacological studies, the results reveal the conserved binding mode of peptidic agonists and provide molecular details of agonist recognition underlying receptor subtype selectivity. The study demonstrates a distinct activation mechanism for MC4R, offering new insights into G protein coupling and receptor activation at the molecular level.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIn plain English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScientists used a powerful microscopy technique to take extremely detailed pictures of bremelanotide attached to its target receptor (MC4R) in cells. These images are so detailed that they can see the exact shape and position of individual atoms in the drug-receptor complex. This is like getting a blueprint showing exactly how a key fits into a lock. By understanding the precise three-dimensional structure of how bremelanotide binds to and activates the MC4R receptor, researchers can better understand why the drug works and potentially design improved medications that are more selective and effective. This structural information is now publicly available in scientific databases for other researchers to use in drug development efforts.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003cstrong\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/strong\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069558927572,"sku":null,"price":179.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/pt141_10_20_vi32-600x815-1.png?v=1780888009"},{"product_id":"reconstitution-solution-bac-10ml-vials","title":"Reconstitution Solution (BAC, 10mL vials)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eReconstitution Solution (BAC)\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeptide Partners’ custom-made batch for our research community, which has been experiencing difficulty sourcing reliable research materials.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer ID:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWF03\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: BAC202602\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069586223316,"sku":null,"price":11.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/bac20_2_10-600x815-1.png?v=1780888196"},{"product_id":"semax-20mg-vials","title":"Semax (20mg vials)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eSemax\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 70%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$1.15 – $1.50\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.91%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: SX202603\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSemax, an Analogue of Adrenocorticotropin (4–10), Binds Specifically and Increases Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Protein in Rat Basal Forebrain\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Oleg V. Dolotov, Ekaterina A. Karpenko, Tamara S. Seredenina, Lyudmila S. Inozemtseva, Natalia G. Levitskaya, Yuriy A. Zolotarev, Andrey A. Kamensky, Igor A. Grivennikov, Jürgen Engele, Nikolay F. Myasoedov\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Journal of Neurochemistry, Volume 97, Supplement 1, pp. 82–86, May 2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16635254\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003eScientific Summary\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe study investigated whether intranasal Semax affects BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) protein levels in vivo in the rat basal forebrain and whether specific binding sites for the peptide exist. Researchers administered Semax intranasally at 50 and 250 μg\/kg body weight to rats and analyzed BDNF levels using sandwich immunoenzymatic (ELISA) analysis in the basal forebrain and cerebellum at 3 and 24 hours post-administration. Radioligand binding assays using [³H]-labeled Semax were performed on plasma membranes from basal forebrain tissue. Scatchard plot analysis of [³H]Semax binding revealed specific, saturable binding sites on basal forebrain plasma membranes, with Kd in the nanomolar range. The study found that Semax produced a rapid, dose-dependent increase in BDNF protein levels at 3 hours post-administration in the basal forebrain, but not in the cerebellum, demonstrating regional specificity. The effect was transient and not observed at 24 hours. This was the first demonstration that Semax binds to specific sites in the brain and increases BDNF protein—a potent modulator of synaptic plasticity—providing a molecular mechanism for its documented nootropic and neuroprotective effects.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis research investigated how Semax interacts with the brain after being administered through the nose, which is how it’s typically used. Scientists gave rats Semax at two different doses and then measured levels of BDNF—a protein that acts like fertilizer for brain cells, helping them grow, form new connections, and survive under stress. They focused on two brain areas: the basal forebrain (important for memory and attention) and the cerebellum (involved in movement coordination). The results showed that Semax rapidly increased BDNF levels in the basal forebrain within 3 hours, and the effect was dose-dependent—more Semax meant more BDNF. Importantly, this effect was specific to the basal forebrain and didn’t happen in the cerebellum, suggesting Semax targets brain regions most relevant to cognition. The researchers also discovered that Semax binds to specific “docking stations” on brain cell membranes, meaning it doesn’t just float around randomly—it has a targeted mechanism of action. This is significant because BDNF is one of the most important molecules for learning, memory formation, and protecting brain cells from damage. The findings help explain why Semax has shown cognitive-enhancing effects in research: by boosting BDNF in memory-critical brain regions, it supports the biological infrastructure that underlies learning and mental performance.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSemax, an ACTH(4-10) Analogue with Nootropic Properties, Activates Dopaminergic and Serotoninergic Brain Systems in Rodents\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Kirill O. Eremin, Vladimir S. Kudrin, Pirjo Saransaari, Simo S. Oja, Igor A. Grivennikov, Nikolay F. Myasoedov, Kuzma S. Rayevsky\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Neurochemical Research, Volume 30, No. 12, pp. 1493–1500, December 2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16362768\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003eScientific Summary\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe study investigated Semax’s effects on dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems, two systems central to mood, motivation, cognition, and attention. Researchers used HPLC with electrochemical detection to measure tissue levels and metabolism of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and their metabolites (DOPAC, HVA, 5-HIAA) in multiple brain regions of rodents (rats and mice) following intraperitoneal Semax administration. They examined the striatum, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, and frontal cortex at various time points. The study found that Semax significantly increased the turnover and metabolism of both dopamine and serotonin in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and frontal cortex. Specifically, levels of DOPAC and HVA (dopamine metabolites) were elevated, indicating increased dopamine turnover. Serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA was also elevated, indicating enhanced serotonergic activity. The effects were brain region-specific and dose-dependent. These results provided the first direct neurochemical evidence that Semax’s nootropic and cognitive-enhancing properties are mediated at least in part through activation of central dopaminergic and serotonergic transmission.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study examined how Semax affects two of the brain’s most important chemical messenger systems: dopamine (the “motivation and reward” chemical) and serotonin (the “mood and well-being” chemical). Scientists gave Semax to rats and mice, then carefully measured the levels of these chemicals and their breakdown products in several key brain regions involved in thinking, motivation, and emotional regulation. The results showed that Semax boosted the activity of both dopamine and serotonin systems in areas critical for cognition—the frontal cortex (planning and decision-making), the striatum (habit formation and motor control), and the nucleus accumbens (motivation and reward processing). The effect was dose-dependent, meaning higher doses produced stronger effects, and it was region-specific, meaning Semax targeted the brain areas most relevant to cognitive function rather than affecting the entire brain indiscriminately. This is important because dopamine and serotonin play central roles in attention, motivation, learning, and mood. Many cognitive-enhancing and antidepressant medications work by modifying these same systems, but often with significant side effects. These findings suggest that Semax enhances cognitive function through a dual mechanism—simultaneously supporting both the dopamine system (boosting focus and motivation) and the serotonin system (supporting mood stability)—which may help explain its broad nootropic profile observed in other research.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSemax and Pro-Gly-Pro Activate the Transcription of Neurotrophins and Their Receptor Genes after Cerebral Ischemia\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Veronika G. Dmitrieva, Oksana V. Povarova, Veronika I. Skvortsova, Svetlana A. Limborska, Nikolay F. Myasoedov, Lyudmila V. Dergunova\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Volume 30, No. 1, pp. 71–79, January 2010\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19633950\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003eScientific Summary\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe study examined how Semax and its C-terminal tripeptide fragment Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP) affect the transcription of neurotrophin genes and their receptors in the context of focal brain ischemia—a model for stroke. Researchers used a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model in rats. mRNA expression levels of Bdnf, Nt-3, Ngf, TrkB, TrkC, and TrkA were quantified by RT-PCR in the frontoparietal cortex at 3, 24, and 72 hours post-occlusion in four groups: intact rats, sham-operated rats, and ischemic rats treated with either saline or Semax\/PGP. The study found that Semax treatment significantly upregulated the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptors specifically in the ischemic cortex: Bdnf, TrkA, and TrkC mRNA levels were elevated at 3 hours, while Nt-3 and Ngf mRNA were elevated at 24 hours. In contrast, PGP had a more nonspecific effect that was also observed in sham-operated and non-occluded rats. The only shared effect of both Semax and PGP was upregulation of Bdnf mRNA in sham-operated rats at 24 hours. This was the first demonstration that Semax specifically activates a coordinated neurotrophin gene expression program in ischemia-damaged brain tissue, providing a transcription-level mechanism for its proven neuroprotective efficacy.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis research investigated how Semax protects the brain during a stroke—one of its most clinically significant applications. When a stroke occurs, blood flow to part of the brain is cut off, and brain cells begin to die rapidly. The scientists simulated this in rats by blocking a major brain artery, then treated some of the animals with Semax to see what happened at the genetic level. They measured the activity of genes that produce neurotrophins—a family of proteins that act as survival signals for brain cells. These include BDNF (supports learning and memory), NGF (nerve growth factor, critical for neuron survival), and NT-3 (supports nerve cell development). The results were striking: in the stroke-damaged brain tissue, Semax rapidly turned on these protective genes in a coordinated sequence. Within 3 hours, BDNF and certain neurotrophin receptors were activated. By 24 hours, NGF and NT-3 were also upregulated. This matters because it means Semax essentially triggers the brain’s own protective repair program in the exact tissue that needs it most. Unlike PGP (a fragment of Semax that was also tested), which had a more general effect across all brain tissue, Semax’s action was specifically targeted to the damaged area. These findings provide a clear molecular explanation for why Semax has shown neuroprotective benefits in stroke research: it amplifies the brain’s natural defense mechanisms precisely where and when they’re needed most.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003cstrong\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/strong\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069606637780,"sku":null,"price":150.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/semax_20_40_wf03-600x815-2.png?v=1780888296"},{"product_id":"sermorelin-10mg-vials","title":"Sermorelin (10mg vials)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eSermorelin\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pp-flex\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSave over 70%!\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$4.15 – $5.70\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePurity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.94%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer ID\u003c\/strong\u003e: VI32\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBatch ID\u003c\/strong\u003e: SER202601\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for research purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: A potentially effective drug for patients with recurrent glioma: sermorelin\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eChang Y, Huang R, Zhai Y, Huang L, Feng Y, Wang D, Chai R, Zhang W, Hu H.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8033379\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThe study investigated the effect of sermorelin on glioma cell lines U87 and LN229. The results showed that sermorelin inhibited the proliferation of these cells in a dose-dependent manner. The study suggests that sermorelin may inhibit tumor cell proliferation by blocking the cell cycle. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analyses found that the Drug Resistance Score (DRS) of sermorelin was negatively correlated with cell proliferation and immune function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis research explored whether the peptide Sermorelin could be a potential treatment for a type of brain tumor called glioma. The scientists tested Sermorelin on cancer cells in a lab dish and found that it could stop the cancer cells from growing. The study suggests that Sermorelin might work by interfering with the cancer cells’ ability to divide and multiply. It also seems to boost the immune system’s ability to fight the cancer. This is an early-stage study, but it suggests that Sermorelin could be a promising new drug for patients with recurrent glioma.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: Advances in the detection of growth hormone releasing hormone synthetic analogs\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMemdouh S, Gavrilović I, Ng K, Cowan D, Abbate V.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.3183\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study investigates the in vitro metabolism of four growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) synthetic analogs, including sermorelin, in fortified urine for anti-doping purposes. The researchers identified nineteen major in vitro metabolites of these GHRH analogs. For sermorelin, several degradation products were identified, which will aid in the development of more effective detection methods for its misuse in sports.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eScientists in this study were looking for a way to detect if athletes are illegally using substances like Sermorelin to enhance their performance. They developed a method to find these substances in urine. In the lab, they mixed Sermorelin with urine and observed how it breaks down. They identified several smaller pieces, or ‘metabolites’. Knowing what these metabolites look like is crucial for creating a reliable drug test, because the test can then look for these specific markers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: Qualitative identification of growth hormone-releasing hormones in human plasma by means of immunoaffinity purification and LC-HRMS\/MS\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eKnoop A, Thomas A, Fichant E, Delahaut P, Schänzer W, Thevis M.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4830873\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study aimed to develop a method for detecting various growth hormone-releasing hormones (GHRHs), including Sermorelin, in human plasma for anti-doping purposes. In an in-vitro experiment, Sermorelin was incubated in human plasma. The researchers observed that Sermorelin was completely degraded after 4 hours. They identified a metabolite, GRF(3-29), which results from the cleavage of the N-terminal Tyr-Ala-residue by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). This finding is important for developing effective anti-doping tests, as it’s often the metabolites of a substance, rather than the substance itself, that are detected in biological samples.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eScientists in this study were looking for a way to detect if athletes are illegally using substances like Sermorelin to enhance their performance. They developed a method to find these substances in blood. In the lab, they mixed Sermorelin with human blood plasma and observed how it breaks down. They found that Sermorelin is broken down into a smaller piece, a ‘metabolite’. Knowing what this metabolite looks like is crucial for creating a reliable drug test, because the test can then look for this specific marker.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069628821716,"sku":null,"price":148.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/serm20_2_10-600x815-2.png?v=1780888386"},{"product_id":"slu-pp-332-50mg-x-60-tabs-3-000-000mcg","title":"SLU-PP-332 (50mg x 60 tabs = 3,000,000mcg)","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51a4f085 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"51a4f085\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e27753 elementor-widget-tablet__width-initial wd-single-title text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_single_product_title\" data-id=\"47e27753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_single_product_title.default\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-container\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSLU-PP-332\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eEach Bottle Contains 60 x 50mg tablets\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pp-flex\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSave over 90%!\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAwIDAiPjwvc3ZnPg==\" alt=\"\" data-lazy-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0928\/3718\/3786\/files\/pp_logo.png?v=1744754033\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$0.075\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer ID\u003c\/strong\u003e: NC53\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: SLU202601\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA Synthetic ERR Agonist Alleviates Metabolic Syndrome\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Billon C, et al.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10801787\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScientific Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study introduces SLU-PP-332 as a novel pan-agonist for the estrogen-related receptors (ERRα, β, and γ), a class of nuclear receptors that are key regulators of energy metabolism. Through a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, the authors demonstrate that SLU-PP-332 effectively mimics the physiological benefits of aerobic exercise. In cell-based assays, the compound was shown to activate all three ERR isoforms, with a slight preference for ERRα. This activation leads to an increase in the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis. When administered to mouse models of obesity and metabolic syndrome, SLU-PP-332 increased energy expenditure, promoted the burning of fat, reduced overall fat mass, and improved insulin sensitivity. These findings suggest that pharmacological activation of ERRs with compounds like SLU-PP-332 could be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating metabolic diseases.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlain English Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScientists have developed a new drug called SLU-PP-332 that can trick the body into thinking it has exercised. It works by activating special sensors in our cells that are normally turned on during physical activity. In lab experiments, this drug was shown to boost the body’s ability to burn fat and increase energy use, just like a good workout. When given to obese mice, the drug helped them lose weight and become more sensitive to insulin, which is important for preventing diabetes. This research opens up the possibility of using a pill to get some of the health benefits of exercise, which could be a game-changer for people who are unable to exercise due to health reasons.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSynthetic ERRα\/β\/γ Agonist Induces an ERRα-Dependent Acute Aerobic Exercise Response and Enhances Exercise Capacity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Cyrielle Billon, Sadichha Sitaula, Subhashis Banerjee, et al.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11584170\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScientific Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis paper provides a detailed characterization of SLU-PP-332, a synthetic pan-agonist of the estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) with a notable potency for ERRα (EC50 = 98 nM). The development of SLU-PP-332 was achieved through a rational drug design approach, which involved modifying an existing ERRβ\/γ agonist to enhance its activity at ERRα. In vitro experiments using the C2C12 skeletal muscle cell line demonstrated that SLU-PP-332 significantly increases the expression of ERR target genes, such as \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePdk4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e, enhances mitochondrial respiration, and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis. These cellular effects translate to improved physical performance in vivo, as mice treated with SLU-PP-332 showed an increase in oxidative muscle fibers and enhanced exercise endurance. The study also established that the beneficial effects of SLU-PP-332 on exercise capacity are primarily mediated through the activation of ERRα.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlain English Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis research delves into how the exercise-mimicking drug, SLU-PP-332, works at a cellular level. Scientists found that this drug is particularly good at activating a specific sensor in our cells called ERRα. In lab experiments on muscle cells, they observed that SLU-PP-332 revs up the cells’ energy-producing machinery, the mitochondria, making them work more efficiently. This is similar to what happens when we exercise. When they gave the drug to mice, they found that the mice could run for longer and had more of the muscle fibers that are associated with endurance. This study confirms that SLU-PP-332 can indeed mimic the effects of exercise and that it does so mainly by targeting the ERRα sensor.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNovel Pan-ERR Agonists Ameliorate Heart Failure Through Enhancing Cardiac Fatty Acid Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Weiyi Xu, Angelica Hamilton, Aijun Bhagat, et al.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.066542\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScientific Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study investigates the therapeutic potential of two pan-ERR agonists, SLU-PP-332 and SLU-PP-915, in a preclinical model of heart failure. The researchers found that both compounds significantly improved cardiac function, reduced fibrosis, and increased survival in mice with pressure overload-induced heart failure. The beneficial effects were attributed to the ability of the ERR agonists to enhance cardiac fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial function. In vitro experiments using neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) and isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes confirmed that these compounds increase mitochondrial oxidative capacity and fatty acid utilization. Through a series of genetic knockdown experiments, the study identified ERRγ as the primary mediator of the cardioprotective effects of these agonists. The findings provide strong evidence that pharmacological activation of ERRs could be a novel therapeutic strategy for heart failure.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlain English Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study explored whether the exercise-mimicking drugs, SLU-PP-332 and a similar compound, could be used to treat heart failure. In experiments with mice that had heart failure, both drugs were found to improve the heart’s pumping ability, reduce scarring, and help the mice live longer. The drugs worked by boosting the heart’s energy production and its ability to use fat for fuel. The scientists also tested the drugs on isolated heart cells in the lab and confirmed that they improve the function of the cells’ powerhouses, the mitochondria. They also discovered that a specific sensor in the heart cells, called ERRγ, is the main target for these drugs’ beneficial effects. This research suggests that drugs like SLU-PP-332 could one day be used to treat heart failure in humans.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003cstrong\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/strong\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069655855316,"sku":null,"price":225.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/slu_pp_332-600x773-2.png?v=1780888493"},{"product_id":"ss-31-10mg-vials","title":"SS-31 (10mg vials)","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51a4f085 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"51a4f085\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e27753 elementor-widget-tablet__width-initial wd-single-title text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_single_product_title\" data-id=\"47e27753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_single_product_title.default\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"elementor-widget-container\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSS-31\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 40%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$4.50 – $5.50\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.82%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: SS202601\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: SS-31 protect retinal pigment epithelial cells from H2O2-induced cell injury by reducing apoptosis\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eJie Bai, Yumei Yang, Dingting Wu, Fan Yang\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/1440-1681.13484\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis in vitro study investigated the protective effects of SS-31 against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells (ARPE-19 cell line). The results demonstrated that SS-31 pretreatment attenuated the loss of cell viability and reduced both oxidative damage and apoptosis in H2O2-treated RPE cells. Mechanistically, SS-31 was found to significantly upregulate the expression of the antioxidant enzymes Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1), and the transcription factor Nrf-2. Furthermore, SS-31 inhibited apoptosis by downregulating the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and upregulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. These findings suggest that SS-31 exerts its protective effects by enhancing the endogenous antioxidant defense system and inhibiting the apoptotic pathway in RPE cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis lab study looked at how the peptide SS-31 could protect eye cells from damage. The researchers used a chemical (hydrogen peroxide) to create stress in human retinal cells, similar to the kind of damage that can lead to retinal degeneration. They found that when the cells were treated with SS-31 beforehand, they were better able to survive and had less damage. SS-31 worked by boosting the cells’ own natural defense systems against damage and by preventing the cells from self-destructing. This suggests that SS-31 could be a potential treatment to protect the retina from diseases that involve this type of cell damage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: SS-31 inhibits the inflammatory response by increasing ATG5 and promoting autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated HepG2 cells\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eYunan Mo, Songyun Deng, Yuhang Ai, Wenchao Li\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006291X24004236\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis in vitro study investigated the effects of the peptide SS-31 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in HepG2 human liver cells. The researchers found that SS-31 treatment increased the levels of autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5), which in turn promoted autophagic flux in the cells. This enhanced autophagy was shown to be the mechanism by which SS-31 exerted its anti-inflammatory effects. Specifically, SS-31 was observed to increase the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, and the anti-inflammatory action was diminished when ATG5 was knocked down. The study concludes that SS-31 protects HepG2 cells from LPS-induced inflammation by upregulating ATG5-dependent autophagy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis research explored how the peptide SS-31 can protect liver cells from inflammation. In the lab, scientists used a substance called LPS to create an inflammatory response in human liver cells. They discovered that SS-31 helps the cells to clean out waste and damaged parts through a process called autophagy, which is like a cellular recycling system. SS-31 boosts this cleaning process by increasing a key protein called ATG5. By enhancing this natural cleaning mechanism, SS-31 was able to reduce the inflammation in the liver cells, suggesting it could be a promising agent for treating liver inflammation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: Mitochondrial protein interaction landscape of SS-31\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eJuan D. Chavez, Xiaoting Tang, Matthew D. Campbell, Gustavo Reyes, Philip A. Kramer, Rudy Stuppard, Andrew Keller, Huiliang Zhang, Peter S. Rabinovitch, David J. Marcinek, and James E. Bruce\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2002250117\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study utilized a chemical cross-linking with mass spectrometry approach to identify the mitochondrial protein interactors of the synthetic tetrapeptide SS-31 (elamipretide). The research provides direct evidence for specific interactions between SS-31 and a number of mitochondrial proteins, all of which are known to bind to cardiolipin. The identified protein interactors are functionally categorized into two main groups: those involved in ATP production via the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, and those participating in 2-oxoglutarate metabolic processes. The cross-linked residues revealed binding regions on these proteins that are often in close proximity to cardiolipin-protein interaction sites. These findings present a protein interaction landscape for SS-31, offering mechanistic insights into its therapeutic effects on mitochondrial function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eScientists investigated how the drug SS-31, which is known to improve the function of mitochondria (the energy factories of our cells), actually works. While it was known that SS-31 interacts with a fat molecule called cardiolipin in the mitochondria, the specific proteins it targets were a mystery. Using a sophisticated laboratory technique, the researchers were able to identify the specific proteins that SS-31 binds to. They discovered that SS-31 interacts with key proteins involved in energy production and other vital cellular processes. This research helps to explain the mechanism behind SS-31’s beneficial effects and provides a clearer picture of how it can be used to treat diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069683282132,"sku":null,"price":110.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/ss20_2_10_wf03_720x-600x815-2.webp?v=1780888626"},{"product_id":"ss-31-50mg-vials","title":"SS-31 (50mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSS-31 – 50mg Vials\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 60%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$2.25 – $3.20\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.68%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: SS202602\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: SS-31 protect retinal pigment epithelial cells from H2O2-induced cell injury by reducing apoptosis\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eJie Bai, Yumei Yang, Dingting Wu, Fan Yang\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/1440-1681.13484\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis in vitro study investigated the protective effects of SS-31 against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells (ARPE-19 cell line). The results demonstrated that SS-31 pretreatment attenuated the loss of cell viability and reduced both oxidative damage and apoptosis in H2O2-treated RPE cells. Mechanistically, SS-31 was found to significantly upregulate the expression of the antioxidant enzymes Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1), and the transcription factor Nrf-2. Furthermore, SS-31 inhibited apoptosis by downregulating the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and upregulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. These findings suggest that SS-31 exerts its protective effects by enhancing the endogenous antioxidant defense system and inhibiting the apoptotic pathway in RPE cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis lab study looked at how the peptide SS-31 could protect eye cells from damage. The researchers used a chemical (hydrogen peroxide) to create stress in human retinal cells, similar to the kind of damage that can lead to retinal degeneration. They found that when the cells were treated with SS-31 beforehand, they were better able to survive and had less damage. SS-31 worked by boosting the cells’ own natural defense systems against damage and by preventing the cells from self-destructing. This suggests that SS-31 could be a potential treatment to protect the retina from diseases that involve this type of cell damage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: SS-31 inhibits the inflammatory response by increasing ATG5 and promoting autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated HepG2 cells\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eYunan Mo, Songyun Deng, Yuhang Ai, Wenchao Li\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006291X24004236\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis in vitro study investigated the effects of the peptide SS-31 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in HepG2 human liver cells. The researchers found that SS-31 treatment increased the levels of autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5), which in turn promoted autophagic flux in the cells. This enhanced autophagy was shown to be the mechanism by which SS-31 exerted its anti-inflammatory effects. Specifically, SS-31 was observed to increase the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, and the anti-inflammatory action was diminished when ATG5 was knocked down. The study concludes that SS-31 protects HepG2 cells from LPS-induced inflammation by upregulating ATG5-dependent autophagy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis research explored how the peptide SS-31 can protect liver cells from inflammation. In the lab, scientists used a substance called LPS to create an inflammatory response in human liver cells. They discovered that SS-31 helps the cells to clean out waste and damaged parts through a process called autophagy, which is like a cellular recycling system. SS-31 boosts this cleaning process by increasing a key protein called ATG5. By enhancing this natural cleaning mechanism, SS-31 was able to reduce the inflammation in the liver cells, suggesting it could be a promising agent for treating liver inflammation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: Mitochondrial protein interaction landscape of SS-31\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eJuan D. Chavez, Xiaoting Tang, Matthew D. Campbell, Gustavo Reyes, Philip A. Kramer, Rudy Stuppard, Andrew Keller, Huiliang Zhang, Peter S. Rabinovitch, David J. Marcinek, and James E. Bruce\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2002250117\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study utilized a chemical cross-linking with mass spectrometry approach to identify the mitochondrial protein interactors of the synthetic tetrapeptide SS-31 (elamipretide). The research provides direct evidence for specific interactions between SS-31 and a number of mitochondrial proteins, all of which are known to bind to cardiolipin. The identified protein interactors are functionally categorized into two main groups: those involved in ATP production via the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, and those participating in 2-oxoglutarate metabolic processes. The cross-linked residues revealed binding regions on these proteins that are often in close proximity to cardiolipin-protein interaction sites. These findings present a protein interaction landscape for SS-31, offering mechanistic insights into its therapeutic effects on mitochondrial function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eScientists investigated how the drug SS-31, which is known to improve the function of mitochondria (the energy factories of our cells), actually works. While it was known that SS-31 interacts with a fat molecule called cardiolipin in the mitochondria, the specific proteins it targets were a mystery. Using a sophisticated laboratory technique, the researchers were able to identify the specific proteins that SS-31 binds to. They discovered that SS-31 interacts with key proteins involved in energy production and other vital cellular processes. This research helps to explain the mechanism behind SS-31’s beneficial effects and provides a clearer picture of how it can be used to treat diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069714280660,"sku":null,"price":320.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/ss31_50_100_wf03-600x815-2.png?v=1780888772"},{"product_id":"swag-bag","title":"Swag Bag","description":"\u003ch2\u003eSwag Bag\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeptide Partners’ custom-made travel bag for our research community can hold up to four large vials and eight smaller vials. It also contains a small gel ice pack to keep peptides cold.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2389\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3300\" src=\"https:\/\/peptide.partners\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/swag-bag-600x504.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"504\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069747736788,"sku":null,"price":27.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/silverswagbag-600x406-2.png?v=1780888892"},{"product_id":"tb-500-tb4-10mg-vials","title":"TB-500 (TB4, 10mg vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTB-500\u003cstrong\u003e (TB4) Kit\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYour only source for Certified Endotoxin-safe TB-500\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 80%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$4.90 – 6.50\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.86%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: TB202601\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eStudy 1: Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS\/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e: Khandoker Asiqur Rahaman, Anca Raluca Muresan, Hophil Min, Junghyun Son, Hyung-Seop Han, Min-Jung Kang, Oh-Seung Kwon\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1570023224000412\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study developed and validated a simultaneous analytical method for TB-500 and its metabolites using UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS. The metabolism of TB-500 was investigated in human serum, various in-vitro enzyme systems, and in urine from rats. The biological activities of the parent compound and its metabolites were assessed via cytotoxicity and wound healing experiments in fibroblasts. The results indicated that Ac-LK was the primary metabolite in rats, while Ac-LKK was a long-term metabolite. No cytotoxicity was observed for the parent compound or its metabolites. Notably, only the metabolite Ac-LKKTE demonstrated significant wound healing activity compared to the control, suggesting that the reported therapeutic effects of TB-500 may be attributable to this metabolite rather than the parent form.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScientists have developed a new method to measure TB-500 and its breakdown products in the body. TB-500 is a substance that is thought to help with healing. In this study, they looked at how TB-500 is broken down in human blood and in rats. They found that one of the breakdown products, called Ac-LKKTE, is actually what helps wounds to heal, not TB-500 itself. This is an important discovery because it could lead to new and better treatments for wounds in the future.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eStudy 2: Investigation of in vitro\/ex vivo TB-500 metabolism, synthesis of relevant metabolites and detection limits in urine and plasma\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e: P. Van Eenoo\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e: https:\/\/www.wada-ama.org\/en\/resources\/scientific-research\/investigation-vitroex-vivo-tb-500-metabolism-synthesis-relevant\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis project aimed to characterize the human metabolism of TB-500 using in vitro (human liver microsomes and S9 fraction) and ex vivo (human plasma\/serum) models. The study found that TB-500 undergoes serial cleavage at the C-terminus, while the N-terminal acetylation provides protection. The researchers synthesized three metabolites, TB-500 M(1-2), TB-500 M(1-3), and TB-500 M(1-5), and a deuterated internal standard (TB-500-d3). The limits of detection (LODs) for the synthesized metabolites were determined and implemented into a screening method for detecting peptides in urine, with LODs of 500 pg\/mL for TB-500 M(1-2), 100 pg\/mL for TB-500 M(1-3), and 50 pg\/mL for TB-500 M(1-5).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers studied how the human body breaks down TB-500, a substance sometimes used to enhance athletic performance. They used laboratory models of the human liver and blood to see what happens to TB-500. They found that the substance is broken down in a specific way, and they were able to create some of these breakdown products in the lab. This information was then used to develop a more sensitive test to detect TB-500 in urine, which is important for anti-doping efforts in sports.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eStudy 3: Utilizing Developmentally Essential Secreted Peptides Such as Thymosin Beta-4 to Remind the Adult Organs of Their Embryonic State—New Directions in Anti-Aging Regenerative Therapies\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e: Klaudia Maar, Roland Hetenyi, Szabolcs Maar, Gabor Faskerti, Daniel Hanna, Balint Lippai, Aniko Takatsy, Ildiko Bock-Marquette\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8228050\/\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis review discusses the role of Thymosin Beta-4 (TB4) in regenerative processes, particularly in the context of cardiac repair. The authors highlight their findings that external administration of TB4 promotes myocardial cell migration and survival in embryonic tissue in vitro. This effect is retained post-natally and is attributed to a direct effect on cardiac cells. The mechanism of action is partly explained by the activation of Integrin-Linked Kinase (ILK) and subsequent stimulation of Akt, which inhibits myocardial cell death. The review summarizes the growing body of evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of TB4 in cardiac regeneration and its potential to influence age-related changes in the heart and blood vessels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis paper reviews the exciting potential of a naturally occurring molecule called Thymosin Beta-4 (TB4) to help our bodies heal and even reverse some of the effects of aging. The authors’ research has shown that TB4 can encourage heart cells to move and survive, which is crucial for repairing damage after a heart attack. They found that this happens because TB4 activates a specific chain of events inside the cells that prevents them from dying. This research suggests that TB4 could be a promising new treatment for heart disease and other age-related conditions, essentially ‘reminding’ our adult organs how to heal themselves like they did when we were embryos.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069773033684,"sku":null,"price":176.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/tb20_2_10_sh07_720x-600x815-2.webp?v=1780888992"},{"product_id":"tesamorelin-10mg-vials","title":"Tesamorelin (10mg vials)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eTesamorelin\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pp-flex\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSave over 70%!\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$4.40 – $5.90\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePurity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.52%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer ID\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBatch ID\u003c\/strong\u003e: TES202603\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: Qualitative identification of growth hormone-releasing hormones in human plasma by means of immunoaffinity purification and LC-HRMS\/MS\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eKnoop A, Thomas A, Fichant E, Delahaut P, Schänzer W, Thevis M.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4830873\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study reports the development and validation of a qualitative method for the simultaneous detection of four GHRHs, including Tesamorelin, in human plasma. The method employs immunoaffinity purification using a polyclonal GHRH antibody followed by nano-ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution\/high accuracy tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS\/MS). The in vitro experiments demonstrated the metabolic stability of Tesamorelin. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, recovery, lower limit of detection, imprecision, and ion suppression\/enhancement effects, proving its fitness for purpose in sports drug testing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eResearchers developed a highly sensitive method to detect Tesamorelin and other growth hormone-releasing hormones (GHRHs) in human plasma. This new test uses a combination of immunoaffinity purification and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify these substances with high accuracy. The study also investigated the stability of Tesamorelin in a laboratory setting and found it to be metabolically stable. This is significant for anti-doping applications as it provides a reliable method for detecting the use of these banned substances in athletes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: Structural basis for activation of the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eZhou F, Li JJ, Li XC, Jiang Y, Yang DH, Chen LN, Xu HE, Li MJ, Li XF.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-020-18945-0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study elucidates the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) in complex with its endogenous ligand GHRH and the stimulatory G protein (Gs). The structure reveals that GHRH binds to a novel site within the transmembrane domain of the receptor, which is distinct from the binding mode of other class B GPCRs. The study identifies key residues for GHRH binding and receptor activation, providing a structural basis for understanding the mechanism of action of GHRH and its analogues like Tesamorelin. This structural information is invaluable for the rational design of new therapeutic agents targeting the GHRHR.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eScientists have created a 3D map of the receptor in our bodies that Tesamorelin and other similar hormones bind to. This map, obtained using a technique called cryo-electron microscopy, shows exactly how the hormone ‘docks’ with the receptor to activate it. This is a crucial discovery because it helps us understand the fundamental mechanism of how Tesamorelin works at a molecular level. This knowledge can be used to design new and better drugs that target this receptor for various medical conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: Effects of tesamorelin on hepatic transcriptomic signatures in HIV-associated NAFLD\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFourman LT, Billingsley JM, Agyapong G, Ho Sui SJ, Feldpausch MN, Purdy J, Zheng I, McClure CM, Corey KE, Torriani M, Kleiner DE, Hadigan CM, Chung RT, Grinspoon SK.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/insight.jci.org\/articles\/view\/140134\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study investigated the effects of Tesamorelin on hepatic transcriptomic and proteomic signatures in patients with HIV-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The researchers performed RNA sequencing on liver biopsies and proteomic analysis of plasma samples from patients treated with Tesamorelin or placebo. The results showed that Tesamorelin treatment was associated with downregulation of hepatic gene sets involved in inflammation, tissue repair, and cell division. Furthermore, a targeted proteomic analysis revealed that Tesamorelin modulated the levels of several plasma proteins that are linked to these pathways. These findings provide a molecular basis for the observed clinical benefits of Tesamorelin in reducing liver fat and fibrosis in this patient population.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eIn this study, researchers investigated how Tesamorelin affects the liver in people with HIV-associated fatty liver disease. They analyzed liver tissue and blood samples from patients treated with Tesamorelin and found that the drug changed the activity of genes involved in inflammation, tissue repair, and cell division. Specifically, Tesamorelin reduced the activity of genes that cause inflammation and scarring in the liver. This study provides important insights into the molecular mechanisms by which Tesamorelin improves liver health in this patient population.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069802918100,"sku":null,"price":230.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/tesap_10_20_wf03-600x815-2.png?v=1780889090"},{"product_id":"thymosin-alpha-1-ta1-10mg-vials","title":"Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA1, 10mg vials)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eTA-1\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 60%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$3.70 – $4.90\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.95%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: WF03\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: TA202602\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThymosin Alpha 1 Mitigates Cytokine Storm in Blood Cells From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTitle:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Thymosin Alpha 1 Mitigates Cytokine Storm in Blood Cells From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Claudia Matteucci, Antonella Minutolo, Emanuela Balestrieri, Vita Petrone, Marialaura Fanelli, Vincenzo Malagnino, Marco Ianetta, Alessandro Giovinazzo, Filippo Barreca, Silvia Di Cesare, Patrizia De Marco, Martino Tony Miele, Nicola Toschi, Antonio Mastino, Paola Sinibaldi Vallebona, Sergio Bernardini, Paola Rogliani, Loredana Sarmati, Massimo Andreoni, Sandro Grelli, Enrico Garaci\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7798699\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2021, ofaa588\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBlood cells from patients with COVID-19 were analyzed to evaluate the biological processes regulated by thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) under inflammatory conditions using ex vivo treatment and enrichment pathway analysis. Genes associated with cytokine signaling and production were found to be significantly upregulated in blood cells from COVID-19 patients, consistent with the characteristic cytokine storm observed in severe disease. Ex vivo treatment with Tα1 mitigated cytokine gene expression and specifically inhibited lymphocyte activation in a CD8+ T-cell subset. The study demonstrated that Tα1 interacts with Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways, including TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9, activating downstream IRF3 and NF-κB signaling to modulate immune cell activity. Tα1 was shown to restore homeostasis of the immune system by reversing T-cell exhaust\u003cbr\u003ehtmlion, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression including interleukin-6 (IL-6), and modulating CD38 expression on CD8+ T cells in a manner dependent on disease severity. The findings support the potential role of Tα1 in controlling immune dysregulation and cytokine storm in SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlain English Explanation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis research examined how TA-1, a peptide derived from the thymus gland, affects immune cells taken directly from COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 can trigger what’s called a cytokine storm — an out-of-control inflammatory response where immune cells flood the body with signaling chemicals that cause severe tissue damage. The researchers found that when they treated these patient blood cells with TA-1 in the laboratory, the peptide significantly dialed down the overactive immune response, particularly in a type of immune cell called CD8+ T cells. TA-1 essentially helped the immune system find its balance again rather than going into overdrive. These findings help explain why TA-1 has been used clinically to manage COVID-19 in several countries and suggest it works by targeting the key signaling pathways that drive dangerous immune overactivation.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThymosin α1 Activates Complement Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTitle:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Thymosin α1 Activates Complement Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Annalucia Serafino, Fabrizio Pica, Francesca Andreola, Roberta Gaziano, Nadia Moroni, Gianluca Moroni, Manuela Zonfrillo, Pasquale Pierimarchi, Paola Sinibaldi-Vallebona, Enrico Garaci\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6741600\/\u0026lt;\/spa htmln\u0026gt;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Journal of Innate Immunity, 2014; 6(1):72–88\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuman monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were exposed to Tα1 in vitro to investigate its effects on innate immune cell activation and pathogen clearance. Tα1-treated MDMs assumed an activated morphology comparable to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated cells but demonstrated a significantly greater ability to internalize fluorescent beads and zymosan particles. Tα1 exposure stimulated MDM phagocytosis and killing of Aspergillus niger conidia in a dose-dependent manner, with effects observable as early as 30 minutes after challenge. The enhanced phagocytic activity occurred through a complement receptor-mediated mechanism, requiring intact microtubule network integrity and protein kinase C activity, with recruitment of vinculin and actin at the phagosome. Crucially, this heightened phagocytic response was coupled with low transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), indicating that Tα1 boosts pathogen clearance without triggering excessive inflammation. The findings demonstrate that Tα1 acts as a potent and early activator of innate immunity while maintaining an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlain English Explanation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study looked at how TA-1 affects macrophages — the immune system’s front-line “cleanup crew” responsible for swallowing and destroying pathogens and cellular debris. The researchers found that treating macrophages with TA-1 dramatically increased their ability to engulf and kill fungal particles, with the effect kicking in within just 30 minutes. What makes this particularly notable is that TA-1 accomplished this without triggering the inflammatory chemical signals that normally accompany immune activation — the macrophages became more effective killers while\u003cbr\u003ehtml simultaneously keeping inflammation low. This dual effect (better pathogen clearance + reduced inflammatory signaling) could explain why TA-1 is considered a balancing or “smart” immune modulator rather than a blunt immune stimulant, making it valuable for situations where immune function needs to be enhanced without causing collateral inflammatory damage.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThymosin Alpha 1 Alleviates Inflammation and Prevents Infection in Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis Through Immune Regulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTitle:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Thymosin Alpha 1 Alleviates Inflammation and Prevents Infection in Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis Through Immune Regulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Ye Tian, Jie Yao, Yulong Ma, Pengfei Zhang, Xinyi Zhou, Wenlong Xie, Wei Tang\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eURL:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC12208829\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Frontiers in Immunology, May 28, 2025; doi: 10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1571456\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA systematic review and meta-analysis was performed by searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) through February 2025, identifying five randomized controlled trials comprising 706 patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Tα1 treatment significantly increased the percentage of CD4+ T cells (mean difference=4.53, 95% CI [3.02, 6.04], P\u0026lt;0.00001) and improved the CD4+\/CD8+ ratio (mean difference=0.42, 95% CI [0.26, 0.58], P\u0026lt;0.00001), indicating restoration of immune cell balance. Lower-dose Tα1 significantly reduced C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (mean difference=−30.12 mg\/L, 95% CI [−35.75, −24.49], P\u0026lt;0.00001\u003cbr\u003ehtml), a key marker of systemic inflammation. Tα1 treatment reduced the overall incidence of extrapancreatic infections by 44% (RR=0.56, 95% CI [0.40, 0.78], P=0.0005), with significant reductions in both bloodstream (RR=0.60) and abdominal (RR=0.38) infections. Tα1 also significantly reduced APACHE II scores (mean difference=−1.52, 95% CI [−2.22, −0.83], P\u0026lt;0.0001), a standardized measure of illness severity. These results indicate that Tα1 can regulate immune cell balance, alleviate inflammatory burden, and reduce infectious complications in patients with severe systemic inflammation.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlain English Explanation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis study pooled data from five separate clinical trials involving 706 patients with severe acute pancreatitis — a life-threatening condition where the pancreas begins attacking itself and triggers a dangerous full-body inflammatory response. The researchers found that patients treated with TA-1 showed meaningful improvements across several measures: their immune cell ratios normalized (indicating better immune balance), their blood levels of C-reactive protein — a standard marker doctors use to measure inflammation — dropped significantly, and their risk of developing dangerous secondary infections fell by nearly half. Patients also scored lower on a standardized medical severity scale, suggesting their overall condition improved more than those who didn’t receive TA-1. This meta-analysis provides some of the strongest clinical evidence that TA-1 can modulate the immune system in real patients facing severe inflammatory conditions, not just in laboratory settings.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003cstrong\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/strong\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069868781780,"sku":null,"price":98.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/ta1-20mg-box-600x815-2.png?v=1780889251"},{"product_id":"vip-10mg-vials","title":"VIP (10mg vials)","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVIP\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVasoactive Intestinal Peptide\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndependently Certified USP\u0026lt;85\u0026gt; Endotoxin Safe\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eSave over 60%!\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCost per milligram\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e$4.95 – $7.50\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003ePurity\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99.42%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eCertified Endotoxin-safe\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eIndependently Tested\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: SH07\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: VP20250511\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Studies\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch6\u003e(for educational purposes only)\u003c\/h6\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 1: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) in COVID-19 Therapy—Shedding of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 via ADAM10\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCharlotte Gutzler, Kerstin Höhne, Daniele Bani, Gian Kayser, Sebastian Fähndrich, Michael Ambros, Martin J Hug, Siegbert Rieg, Valeria Falcone, Joachim Müller-Quernheim, Gernot Zissel, Björn C Frye\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11942504\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis in vitro study investigated the effect of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) on the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in cell cultures. The results demonstrate that VIP downregulates the transcription of both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes, leading to reduced protein expression on the cell surface. Furthermore, VIP was shown to induce the shedding of these receptors from the cell surface, a process mediated by the metalloprotease ADAM10. This was confirmed by the observation that the ADAM10 inhibitor, Aderbasib, blocked the VIP-induced shedding. The functional consequence of these changes was a reduction in the proteolytic activity of TMPRSS2 and a decreased infection rate of cells by a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. These findings suggest that VIP may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry by a dual mechanism: reducing the expression and promoting the shedding of its entry receptors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eScientists investigated how a natural peptide in our bodies, called VIP, might help fight off the virus that causes COVID-19. In laboratory experiments using cells, they discovered that VIP can make it harder for the virus to get into cells. It does this in two ways: first, it tells the cells to make less of the ‘doorknobs’ (receptors called ACE2 and TMPRSS2) that the virus uses to enter. Second, it helps to ‘cut off’ the doorknobs that are already on the cell surface, so the virus has nothing to grab onto. This one-two punch effectively reduces the number of entry points for the virus, making it more difficult for the cells to become infected. These findings suggest that VIP could be a potential therapeutic agent for COVID-19 by blocking the virus from entering our cells in the first place.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 2: Vasoactive intestinal peptide produces long-lasting changes in neural activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTakashi Kudo, Yu Tahara, Karen L Gamble, Douglas G McMahon, Gene D Block, Christopher S Colwell\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4073931\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study investigated the long-term effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the electrical activity of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) using mouse brain slice cultures. Application of VIP induced a sustained increase in neuronal firing rate that persisted for several hours. This effect was mediated by the VIP receptor VIPR2, as it was blocked by a VIP receptor antagonist and absent in VIPR2 knockout mice. The downstream signaling pathway involves the activation of both PKA and Epac, leading to an increase in cAMP. The study also demonstrated that the persistent increase in firing rate was dependent on the clock protein PER1 and the Kv3 potassium channels, suggesting that VIP regulates the fast delayed rectifier (FDR) potassium currents to produce long-lasting changes in SCN neuronal excitability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eOur internal body clock, located in a brain region called the SCN, controls our daily rhythms. A molecule called VIP is known to be important for the function of this clock, but how it works was not fully understood. In this study, researchers used slices of mouse brain tissue kept alive in a dish to study the effects of VIP on the brain cells of the SCN. They found that VIP caused a long-lasting increase in the electrical activity of these cells, making them fire more frequently for several hours. This effect was triggered by VIP binding to a specific receptor on the cell surface, which in turn activated a chain of chemical reactions inside the cell. The study also revealed that this process depends on a specific ‘clock gene’ and certain channels that control the flow of potassium in and out of the cells. These findings suggest that VIP plays a crucial role in regulating the long-term activity of our internal clock, which could have implications for understanding and treating sleep disorders and other conditions related to circadian rhythms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"MdHeading3\"\u003eStudy 3: Vasoactive intestinal peptide promotes secretory differentiation and mitigates radiation-induced intestinal injury\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTatiana Agibalova, Anneke Hempel, H Carlo Maurer, Mohab Ragab, Anastasia Ermolova, Jessica Wieland, Caroline Waldherr Ávila de Melo, Fabian Heindl, Maximilian Giller, Julius Clemens Fischer, Markus Tschurtschenthaler, Birgit Kohnke-Ertel, Rupert Öllinger, Katja Steiger, Ihsan Ekin Demir, Dieter Saur, Michael Quante, Roland M Schmid, Moritz Middelhoff\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdStrong\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"MdLink\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11462795\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003eScientific Findings\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eThis study demonstrates that Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) promotes the differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells towards a secretory phenotype, a process mediated by the p38 MAPK pathway. In vitro experiments using intestinal organoids revealed that VIP modulates the proliferation of Lgr5-EGFP+ progenitor cells under homeostatic conditions. Furthermore, in a model of radiation-induced intestinal injury, VIP was shown to enhance epithelial regeneration. The study found that irradiated Lgr5-EGFP+ progenitor cells were more susceptible to VIP-induced modulation, which promoted their regenerative capacity. These findings suggest that VIP plays a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and mitigating radiation-induced damage by promoting secretory differentiation and epithelial regeneration.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch5 class=\"MdHeading4\"\u003ePlain English Interpretation\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003eScientists studied how the peptide VIP affects intestinal cells grown in a lab. They found that VIP encourages these cells to become specialized ‘secretory’ cells, which are important for a healthy gut lining. They also discovered that VIP helps the gut’s stem cells to grow and multiply. When the intestinal cells were damaged by radiation, VIP helped them to heal and regenerate more effectively. This suggests that VIP could be a potential treatment to protect the intestines from damage caused by radiation therapy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MdParagraph\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069898764500,"sku":null,"price":150.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/vip20_2_10_sh07_720x-600x815-1.webp?v=1780889383"},{"product_id":"z-s-total-b-kit-10ml-vials","title":"Z’s Total B Kit (10mL vials)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZ’s Total B Kit\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners’ B-complex proprietary blend. Formulated for researchers looking to analyze large combinations of vitamins and aminos.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwipe right to view full table →\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e Ingredient\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCAS\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eQuantity (mg\/mL)\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003eB1 (Thiamine HCL)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003e67-03-8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e100 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003eB2 (Riboflavin-5-Phosphate)\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003e130-40-5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003eB3 (Niacin)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003e59-67-6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e20 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003eB3 (Nicotinamide)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003e98-92-0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e80 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003eB5 (Dexpanthenol)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003e81-13-0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e250 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003eB6 (Pyridoxine HCL)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003e58-56-0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e50 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003eB7 (Biotin)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003e58-85-5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e10 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003eB9 (L-methylfolate)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003e151533-22-1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e15 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003eB12 (Methylcobalamin)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h5\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan data-sheets-root=\"1\"\u003e13422-55-4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1 mg\/mL\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: also contains 2% Benzoic Acid, 2% Lidocaine 0.2%, and sterile water.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndependent analysis pending\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide Partners Manufacturer Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: DF05\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch Id\u003c\/strong\u003e: ZB20250727\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e⚠️ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResearch Use Only:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e This product is intended for research purposes only. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA. For use by qualified researchers only. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Biotech Peptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069912658132,"sku":null,"price":165.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0836\/6512\/5588\/files\/ztotalb20_2_10_df05_720x-600x815-2.webp?v=1780889526"}],"url":"https:\/\/biotech-peptides-5.myshopify.com\/collections\/all-products.oembed","provider":"Biotech Peptides","version":"1.0","type":"link"}